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Crude Properties

Composition of Petroleum
Petroleum:

Complex mixture of hydrocarbon


molecules.

Hydrocarbon:

Organic compounds of Carbon & Hydrogen


atoms (1-60 carbon atoms)
Crude Oil

- vary in appearance and


composition
- consistency : water to tar
like solids
- color : clear to black
Composition of Petroleum

C1 - C4 : gases

C5 – C19 : liquids

C20 - > : solids


Composition of Crude Oil & NG

Element Crude oil Natural gas

Carbon 84-87% 65-80%

Hydrogen 11-14% 1-25%

Sulfur 0.06-2% 0-0.2%

Nitrogen 0.1-2% 1-15%

Oxygen 0.1-2% 0%
Crude oil Classification
Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil.

Hydrocarbon Average Range


Paraffins 30% 15 to 60%
Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60%
Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%
Asphaltics 6% remainder
Paraffins
- known as Alkanes
- CnH2n+2
- saturated HCs
- straight or branched

1. Straight : lighter, gases & paraffin waxes


General formula : CnH2n + 2

2. Branched : heavier, higher octane number


General formula CnH2n + 2, n > 3
Aromatics
- known as Arenes/Aryl HCs
- unsaturated ring-type (cyclic)
- C6H2n-6 (Y is a longer, straight molecule that
connects to the benzene ring)
- rings contain six carbon atoms, with alternating
double and single bond between the carbons
- typically liquids
Naphtenes
- known as Cycloalkanes
- CnH2n
- ringed structures with one or more rings
- rings contain only single bonds
between the carbon atoms
Naphtenes
- typically liquids at room temperature
- Monocycloparaffins predominate
- Dicycloparaffins – heavier ends of naphtha
Composition of Petroleum
Other Hydrocarbons

Alkenes : mono-olefins
CnH2n
one C=C
usually formed by
thermal and
catalytic cracking
(seldom naturally)
Composition of Petroleum
Other Hydrocarbons

Dienes and Alkynes: diolefins


two C=C (dienes)
triple bond (alkynes)
CnH2n-2
Composition of Petroleum
Non-Hydrocarbons

Sulfur compounds
- H2S, mercaptans, sulfides, thiophenes, etc
- elemental sulfur
- causes corrosion
- hydro-desulfurization: remove sulfur
compounds
- sweetening: remove obnoxious sulfur
compounds, convert to
odorless sulfides
Composition of Petroleum

Non-Hydrocarbons

Nitrogen Compounds
- include trace metals
- form nitrogen oxides
in furnaces
- Decomposition : ammonia & cyanide -
corrosion
Composition of Petroleum

Non-Hydrocarbons

Oxygen Compounds
- phenols, ketones,
carboxylic acids
Composition of Petroleum

Non-Hydrocarbons

Trace metals
- Ni, Fe,V
- Small quantities, removed in refining process
- Remove arsenic, vanadium, nickel –poison catalysts
Composition of Petroleum

Non-Hydrocarbons

Salts
- Inorganic salts : sodium chloride, calcium
chloride in suspension or dissolved in
entrained water (brine)
- Removed or neutralized – poison
catalyst, corrode equipment, fouling
Composition of Petroleum
Non-Hydrocarbons
Carbon dioxide
Results from
decomposition
of bicarbonates

Naphtenic acid
- organic acids
- corrosive at T > 450°F
Crude Oil Properties

Cloud Point
The temperature at which a cloud or haze of
wax crystals appears when the oil is cooled
under prescribed conditions

Viscosity
A measure of a resistance that a fluid makes to
motion or flow

Ex: Centistokes, Seconds, Saybolt Universal


(SSU), Saybolt Furol or Seconds Redwood
Crude oil Properties
Defined as 3oC above temperature at which
the oil fails to flow when cooled under
prescribed conditions
Pour point
Rough indicator of the relative paraffinity
& aromaticity of the crude

Lower pour pt:


-Lower paraffin content
-Higher aromatic content
(heavier oil)
Crude Oil Properties
Crude Oil properties
Carbon Residue (wt%)
Related to carbon content of the crude & to the
quantity of the lubricating oil fraction that can be
recovered

Determine the amount of carbon which remains after


combustion with a limited amount of O2

Method to calculate Carbon residue:


1. Ramsbottom Carbon (ASTM D-524)
2. Conradson Carbon (ASTM D-189)
Crude oil Properties
Salt Content (NaCl)
NaCl>10lb/1000bbl – Desalting process

Nitrogen Content wt%


N2>0.25wt% (Undesirable)
– cause poisoning to catalyst used
- corrosion like H2 blistering

Metals Content, ppm


Affect the activities of catalyst – lowering product
distribution
Crude oil Properties
An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity
or density of liquid petroleum products
API Gravity
(range 10-50)
Defined as American Petroleum Institute (API)
gravity

Higher API gravity : more paraffinic crude, higher yields of


gasoline, the lighter the compound

Lower API gravity : more aromatic crude, lower yields of gasoline, the
heavier the compound

 oil
API 
141.5
 131.5 SGoil 
SG H O 2

A measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water


Higher API gravity than water – floats when mix with water
Crude Oil Properties
Thank You
Crude Oil Properties
Sulfur content %
Measured by ASTM

The relative content of sulfur in natural oil:

-“SWEET” which means it contains little sulfur


(< 0.5 wt%)

-“SOUR” which means it contains large amount of


sulfur (> 0.5 wt%)
Crude Oil Properties
Crude Oil Analysis

True Boiling Point (TBP)

 Determine the composition of


any crude oil sample
 Batch distillation operation
 Reflux ratio > 5
 Test procedure : ASTM D-285
Crude Assay
 Complete and definitive analysis of a crude
oil
 Contain data of:
- crude salt, gravity, viscosity, sulfur, light-
end carbons, pour point
- TBP curve and mid-volume plot of
gravity, viscosity, sulfur
Crude Assay
 The results of crude oil assay testing
provide extensive detailed
hydrocarbon analysis data for refiners, oil
traders and producers.
 Assay data help refineries determine if a
crude oil feedstock is compatible for a
particular petroleum refinery or if the crude
oil could cause yield, quality, production,
environmental and other problems
Crude Oil Analysis
Characterizing of Crude

Parrafinic crudes:
Paraffins + naphthenes > 50%
Paraffin > naphthenes
Paraffins> 40%

Naphthenic crudes:
Paraffins + naphthenes > 50%
Naphthenes> Paraffins
Naphthenes > 40%
Crude Oil Analysis
Paraffinic-Naphthenic crudes:
Aromatics < 50%
Paraffins < 40%
Naphthenes < 40%

Aromatic-Naphthenic crudes:
Aromatics > 50%
Paraffins < 10%
Naphthenes >25%
Crude Oil Analysis

Aromatic-Intermediate crudes:
Aromatics > 50%
Paraffins > 10%

Aromatic-Asphaltic crudes:
Naphthenes > 25%
Paraffins < 10%
CRUDE ANALYSIS
CRUDE ANALYSIS
Crude Oil Analysis

1. Universal Oil Product (UOP) K Factor

 Classification based on specific gravity and


boiling points

TB 
1
3
KW 
SG
TB = mean average boiling point (oR)
SG = specific gravity at 60oF
Crude Oil Analysis

KW Classification
10 Highly Aromatics
10.5 Highly Naphtenic
12.9 Paraffinic
15 Highly Paraffinic
Example
Time (minute) Temperature (oC) Percentage Oil A Distilled (%)
10 15 7.5
20 65 12.5
35 88 20.5
45 110 32.0
60 132 45.5
80 155 62.0
95 182 75.0
102 202 82.5
108 210 85.0
120 215 98.5

Calculate the value of UOP K factor


Given the density of oil = 719.7 kg/m3

Answer =12.56 (Paraffinic)


Crude Oil Analysis
Crude Oil Analysis
2. Correlation Index (CI)- US Bureau
of Mines

87552
CI   473.7G  456.8
TB
Classification based on specific
gravity and boiling points

TB = mean average boiling point (oR)


G = specific gravity at 60oF
Correlation Index

(Ref: Smith, Harold M. Correlation Index to Aid in Interpreting Crude-Oil Analyses)


Correlation Index curve for several crude oils (Texas, USA)

(Ref: Smith, Harold M. Correlation Index to Aid in Interpreting Crude-Oil Analyses)


Petroleum Products
Petroleum products are usually grouped into three categories:

1. Light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha),


2. Middle distillates (kerosene, diesel),
3. Heavy distillates (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, asphalt).

This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and


separated into fractions (called distillates and residuum)
Petroleum Products
Crude oil is separated into Distillate
fractions by fractional
distillation.

The fractions at the top of the


fractionating column have
lower boiling points than the
fractions at the bottom.

The heavy bottom fractions


are often cracked into
lighter, more useful products.

All of the fractions are


processed further in other
refining units.
C1-C4 gases

20oC

C5-C9 naphtha

70oC
C5-C10 gasoline

120oC

C10-C14 kerosene, paraffin oil

170oC

C14-C20 diesel oil

270oC

C20-C50 lubricating oil

C20-C70 fuel oil

600oC

>C70 residue
The pitch drop experiment at the University
of Queensland.
Date Event
1927 Experiment set up
1930 The stem was cut
December 1938 1st drop fell
February 1947 2nd drop fell
April 1954 3rd drop fell
May 1962 4th drop fell
August 1970 5th drop fell
April 1979 6th drop fell
July 1988 7th drop fell
2000-11-28 8th drop fell

Results: Viscosity of pitch is


100 billion times that of water
Composition of Petroleum

Refining process
Crude Oil Products
Chemicals, catalysts, heat, pressure
Thank You

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