R XL
VS VR
1/2X
1/2XC
C
• Different lines have different values for R, XL, and XC, depending on:
• Length
• Conductor spacing
• Conductor cross-sectional area
Where,
P = Real power in MW
VS = Sending-end voltage
VR = Receiving-end voltage
X = Line impedance between buses
= Angle delta between bus voltages
Real Power Flow
Angular difference
Angle
between buses
VB
VA
Angle
IA
Question #1
Where,
Q = Reactive Power in MVAR
VS = Sending-end voltage
ΔV = Difference between bus voltages VS and VR
X = Line Impedance between buses
= Phase angle between VS and VR
Flow of Reactive Power
EB EA Bus Bus
A B
MW
MVAR
EA EB Bus Bus
A B
MW
MVAR
Bus Bus
EA A B
MW
EB MVAR
Bus Bus
EA A B
EB MW
MVAR