Did You Know?

• A Flowpath consists of 1 GEOMETRY and 2 NODES.

• A NODE can be either TERMINAL or INTERNAL.
• A TERMINAL node can be CLOSED or PRESSURE type.
• A CLOSED node is used when fluid is desired to not
crossing the boundary.
• A PRESSURE node is used when fluid is desired to flow
in both direction(forward and backward, upward and
downward)
• A PRESSURE node requires at least requires P, T,
GOR(Gas to Oil ratio) and WC(Water fraction)
 Tips on OLGA #1
• NSEGMENT in OLGA means number of
SECTIONs in a PIPE (>= 2).
As you increase the number of SECTIONs in
OLGA, computing time does increase.
If it is not really necessary, you should simplify
your PIPE into less SECTION.
 Tips on OLGA#2
• It is recommended to use the following rule of
thumb when you setting up your pipeline
network:

0.5 <= (less than or equal to)

LSEGMENT(i)/LSEGMENT (i+1) <= 2
 Tips on OLGA #3: PROFILE vs TREND
• PROFILE in OLGA will show you the variable
values along your FLOWPATH(Flowline,
Pipeline, etc.). You can see what happen to
the variable values over the time by specifying
your time interval
TREND in OLGA will show you the variable
values over the time on the selected point
(SECTION/BOUNDARY)in your FLOWPATH.
 Tips on OLGA #4: Steady state vs
Dynamic
• If you wish to do a FULL steady state simulation in
OLGA, set your simulation as per the followings:
1. STEADYSTATE=ON in OPTION
2. STARTTIME=ENDTIME=0 (zero) in NTEGRATION

• If you turn off the STEADYSTATE option, you need

to specify initial value such as mass flow, Pressure
Temperature, gas volume fraction and water cut.
By doing so, you are entering dynamic
simulation(transient).
 Line Pack
• The ability of a natural gas pipeline to
effectively "store" small quantities of gas on a
short-term basis by increasing the operating
pressure of the pipe. Most pipelines use line
pack as a resource to help manage the load
fluctuations on their systems, building up line
pack during periods of decreased demand and
drawing it down during periods of increased
demand.
IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship)
• A mathematical tool used in production
engineering to assess well performance by
plotting the well production rate against the
flowing bottomhole pressure (BHP). The data
required to create the IPR are obtained by
measuring the production rates under various
drawdown pressures. The reservoir fluid
composition and behavior of the fluid phases
under flowing conditions determine the shape
of the curve.
 Do you know what is Fugacity?
• A pure component exerts a partial pressure in
its attempt to leave a liquid phase and enter a
gas phase. When this chemical in the liquid
phase is mixed with another chemical, it
affects the 1st chemicals tendency to move
from the liquid to the gas phase. Fugacity is
the "effective" or "apparent" partial pressure
of a chemical as it exists in a mixture. Fugacity
depends on the composition of the mixture as
well as temperature and, weakly, on pressure.
 Mass flowrate vs Standard flowrate
• You can define your standard flowrate as an
input to OLGA(but remember, if you want to
input the parameter, you need to "empty"
mass flowrate section). Either way, when you
want to specify mass flowrate instead of
standard flowrate, you can do the other way.
I hope this can be any useful to all of you.
 TIPS #5: ANNULUS in OLGA
Here are some tips on creating Annulus in OLGA.
1. Create FLOWPATH which will be defined as your TUBING section.
2. Define TUBING wall in the Geometry. Tubing wall is only Tubing itself.
3. Copy the TUBING flowpath and paste as CASING flowpath
4. Reverse the CASING geometry.
5. Define CASING wall. Casing Wall is Casing material up to the formation.
6. Create Start and End POSITION in TUBING flowpath and CASING flowpath.
7. Add 2(two) ANNULUS thermal component and introduce 2 COMPONENTs
for each of the ANNULUS.
8. COMPONENT 1 of 1st ANNULUS : TUBING start position
9. COMPONENT 2 of 2nd ANNULUS : TUBING End position
10. Do the same for the CASING.
11. IMPORTANT: TUBING Start position should be same with CASING Start
position(though we know that PIPE-1 section 1 of the TUBING is PIPE-n
section n of the CASING). If you make mistake in this arrangement, OLGA will
not run.
12. If you would like to inject Drilling fluid, make sure Drilling option is turned
ON in OPTIONS.
 Flow back
• The process of allowing fluids to flow from the
well following a treatment, either in
preparation for a subsequent phase of
treatment or in preparation for cleanup and
returning the well to production.
 Integral time
• The integral time is defined as:
"the amount of time it takes for the integral
portion of the controller to replicate the
proportional action. When the measurement
is returned to the set point, the proportional
action is lost, since e = 0, and the controller
output is determined solely by integral
action."
 Steady state versus dynamic "steady
state" in OLGA
• To those of you who have been attended OLGA Basic course(which I have
not), you might be familiar with one of the taught lesson, that when you
set INTEGRATION time = 0(zero), you are actually run the simulator in
steady state.
But then a question arise, when we run OLGA in transient model (time is
not equal to zero), we will finally reaches "steady state" condition, where
the defined variable are having relatively constant value over time.
So, which one should you refer to?
When you are using integration time =0, OLGA is only doing one
calculation at t=0 s, all the OLGA equations have time as variable, that
means that you are neglecting several terms in those equations for a fast
calculation. The "dynamic steady state" is always better because all this
terms are being used and the OLGA results are better.
My recommendation is avoid to set t=0 when you are running OLGA for a
project and try to get dynamic "steady state" results(though I know it is
absolutely time consuming) out of your simulation.
 NODE settings in OLGA
• Below are some of the options of NODE settings to make fluids flow in the pipeline:
1) Inlet: Pressure node
Outlet: Pressure node
Provided that you have the pressure at each end and OLGA will calculate the corresponding
flowrate.
2) Inlet: Close node and include a mass source
Outlet: Pressure node
OLGA will calculate the corresponding inlet pressure
3) Inlet: Mass node
Outlet: Pressure node
Similar to option 2... OLGA calculates the inlet pressure
4) Inlet: Pressure node
Outlet: Close node... you will need to include a leak or negative mass source as the fluid needs to
go somewhere
In this case OLGA calculates the pressure at the inlet
5) Inlet: Close node and a mass source
Outlet: Close node and a negative source or leak
OLGA will calculate the pressure at the inlet and outlet of you system.