Human Heart

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Human Heart
HEART
is a squared
shape, muscular
organ responsible
for pumping blood
through the blood
vessels by
repeated, rhythmic
contractions, or a
similar structure in
annelids,
mollusks, and
arthropods
The Heart is divided into two
Right heart
Left heart
3 ght heart
is a term used to refer collectively to the right atrium and
right ventricle of the heart; occasionally, this term is intended to
reference the right atrium, right ventricle, V the pulmonary trunk
collectively.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated systemic blood from the
superior and inferior vena cavae. The blood is then pumped through
the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, which in turn pumps the
blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
G v s s
u R ht t m (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa
ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava,
valve of the coronary sinus)
T sp d v
v
u R ht v t
(conus arteriosus, moderator
band/septomarginal trabecula)
P
m v
v
u P
m At
u P
m
t
The s e and nfe vena
Genae avae ava are collectively called the
venae cavae. They are the veins
that return de-oxygenated blood
from the body into the heart.
They both empty into the right
atrium.
The s e vena ava (or

anterior)
is above the heart, and
forms from a convergence of the
left and right brachiocephalic
veins that contain blood from
the head and the arms. The vena
cavae carry deoxygenated blood
from the body to the right atrium
of the heart.
The venae cavae is the largest
blood vessel in the heart.
The f v v (or

posterior vena cava)
travels up alongside the
abdominal aorta with blood from
the lower part of the body.
ôronar Sinus
ôronar Sinus is a collection of veins
joined together to form a large
vessel that collects blood from
the myocardium of the heart. It
is present in humans and other
animals.
Ôoation
It is located between the left
atrium and ventricle on the
posterior surface of the heart.
It runs transversely in the
groove between the left atrium
and ventricle on the posterior
surface of the heart.
The coronary sinus orifice
(opening) is just superior to the
septal leaflet of the tricuspid
valve. The coronary sinus orifice
is also known as the ostium of
the coronary sinus
Riht Atrium
Riht Atrium (in o
der texts
termed the "riht auri
e")
is one of four chambers (two
atria and two ventricles) in the
human heart. It receives de-
oxygenated blood from the superior
and inferior vena cavae and the
coronary sinus, and pumps it into
the right ventricle through the
tricuspid valve.
Sinoatria
node (SAN)
is located within this chamber
next to the vena cava. This is a
group of pacemaker cells which
spontaneously depolarise to create
an Action Potential. The cardiac
action potential then spreads across
both atria causing them to contract
forcing the blood they hold into their
corresponding ventricles.
Riht Gentri
e
Riht Auriu
ar Appendix
Fossa Ova
is
Ôimbus of Fossa Ova

is
^rista Termina
is
Ga
ve of the Inferior Gena âva
Ga
ve of the ôronar Sinus
Riht Auriu
ar Appendix
Riht auriu
ar appendix
(right auricula, right
auricle) is a small conical
muscular pouch attached
to the right atrium of the
heart. Its margins present
a dentated edge. It projects
from the upper and front
part of the sinus forward
and toward the left side,
overlapping the root of the
aorta.
Fossa Ova
is (heart)
Vound in the right

atrium of the heart, the
Fossa Ova
is is an
embryonic remnant of
the foramen ovale,
which normally closes
shortly after birth.
Vailure of the foramen
ovale to close results
in a disorder known as
patent foramen ovale.
Ôimbus of Fossa Ova
is
Ôimbus of fossa ova
is
(annu
us ova
is)
is the prominent oval

margin of the fossa ovalis.
It is most distinct above
and at the sides of the fossa;
below, it is deficient.
A small slit-like valvular

opening is occasionally found,
at the upper margin of the fossa,
leading upward beneath the
limbus, into the left atrium; it is
the remains of the fetal aperture
between the two atria.
^rista Termina
is
In the development of
the human heart, the right
horn and transverse
portion of the sinus
venosus ultimately
become incorporated with
and form a part of the adult
right atrium, the line of
union between it and the
right auricle being
indicated in the interior of
the atrium by a vertical
crest, the crista terminalis
of His (Wilhelm His, Jr.).
Ga
ve of the Inferior Gena âva
The va
ve of the
inferior vena ava
(eustachian valve) serves
to direct the blood from
that vessel through the
foramen ovale into the left
atrium.
The eustachian valve

is the valve at the distal
end of the inferior vena
cava the passes blood
from the lower extremities
into the Right Atrium of the
heart
Ga
ve of the ôronar Sinus
The valve of the
coronary sinus (Thebesian
valve) is a semicircular
fold of the lining
membrane of the atrium, at
the orifice of the coronary
sinus. The valve may vary
in size, or be completely
absent.
It may prevent the
regurgitation of blood into
the sinus during the
contraction of the atrium.
This valve may be
double or it may be
cribriform.
Triuspid Ga
ve
Triuspid va
ve
is on the right side of

the heart, between the
right atrium and the right
ventricle. The normal
tricuspid valve usually has
three leaflets and three
papillary muscles.
Triuspid Ga
ve
The largest cusp is interposed between the
atrioventricular orifice and the conus arteriosus and is
termed the V or
V .
A second, the or V V
, is in relation
to the right margin of the ventricle.
A third, the V
or V
, to the ventricular
septum.
The tricuspid valve prevents the blood from returning
to the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
wwwww The triuspid va

ve a
so opens and

oses at periods of time makin the b
ood
f
ow throuh from the riht atrium to the
riht ventri
ewwwww
Riht Gentri
e
ônus Arteriosus
Moderator Band/Septomarina
Trabeu
a
Riht Gentri
e
Riht ventri
e
is one of four chambers
(two atria and two
ventricles) in the human
heart. It receives de-
oxygenated blood from the
right atrium via the
tricuspid valve, and pumps
it into the pulmonary artery
via the pulmonary valve.
It is triangular in form,
and extends from the right
atrium to near the apex of
the heart.
ônus Arteriosus
ônus Arteriosus
is a conical pouch formed
from the upper and left angle of
the right ventricle, from which
the pulmonary artery arises.
A tendinous band, which
may be named the
V , extends
upward from the right
atrioventricular fibrous ring and
connects the posterior surface
of the conus arteriosus to the
aorta. This is also called the
infundibulum, and it is the
entrance from the right ventricle
into the pulmonary artery and
pulmonary trunk. The wall of the
infundibulum is smooth.
Septomarina
trabeu
a
Septomarina
(or moderator band)
Trabeu
a is a muscular band of heart
tissue found in the right ventricle. It
is well-marked in sheep and some
other animals, and frequently
extends from the base of the
anterior papillary muscle to the
ventricular septum.
Vrom its attachments it was

thought to prevent overdistension
of the ventricle, and was named the
"moderator band". However, more
recent research has indicated that it
is more properly considered part of
the electrical conduction system of
the heart, and in that capacity it is
called the "septomarginal
trabecula". The TA name is
"trabecula septomarginalis".
The moderator band is often

used by radiologists to more easily
identify the right ventricle in
prenatal ultrasound.
Pu
monar Ga
ve
Pu
monar Ga
ve
is the semilunar valve of the
heart that lies between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery
and has three cusps. Similar to the
aortic valve, the pulmonic valve
opens in ventricular systole, when
the pressure in the right ventricle
rises above the pressure in the
pulmonary artery. At the end of
ventricular systole, when the
pressure in the right ventricle falls
rapidly, the pressure in the
pulmonary artery will close the
pulmonic valve.
Pu
monar Ga
ve
Pu
monar Arter
Pu
monar ru
at on
Pu
monar Arter
Pulmonary arteries carry
blood from the heart to the lungs.
They are the only arteries (other
than umbilical arteries in the
fetus) that carry deoxygenated
blood.
In the human heart, the
pulmonary trunk (pulmonary
artery or main pulmonary artery)
begins at the base of the right
ventricle. It is short and wide -
approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in
length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in
diameter. It then branches into
two pulmonary arteries (left and
right), which deliver deoxygenated
blood to the corresponding lung.
Pu
monar îru
ation
Pu
monar îru
ation

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y
Ôeft heart
is a term used to refer collectively to the left atrium and lef
ventricle of the heart; occasionally, this term is intended to reference
the left atrium, left ventricle, V the aorta collectively.
The left atrium receives oxygenated pulmonic blood from the
pulmonary veins. The blood is then pumped through the mitral valve
into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps the blood through the aortic
valve into the aorta.
The left side of the heart is thicker than the right because of the
requirement to pump blood from the left throughout the body, as
opposed to the right side pumping only through the lungs.
Ñ
v s
Ô t t
Ô t A
App d x
M t
v
v
Ô t v t
At v
v
At s s
At
Sst
t
Pu
monar Geins
The pulmonary veins carry

oxygen-rich blood from the
lungs to the left atrium of the
heart. They are the only veins in
the post-fetal human body that
carry oxygenated (red) blood.
D The pulmonary veins return the
lungs to the left atrium of the
heart. They are four in number,
two from each lung, and are
destitute of valves. They are
D Right Inferior
D Right Superior
D Left Inferior
D Left Superior
Ôe t Atrium
Ôe t trium
is one of the four chambers

in the human heart. It receives
pulmonary veins, and pumps it
into the left ventricle.
Blood is pumped through

the left atrioventricular orifice,
which contains the mitral valve.
A normal left atrium may be up
to 5.5cm in maximum diameter;
any larger than this is a sign of
cardiac failure. This may occur
in cases of mitral regurgitation.
Ôe t Auriu
ar Appendix
Ôe t Auriu
ar Appendix
(
e t auriu
a
e t
auri
e)
is a conical muscular
pouch connected to the left
atrium of the heart. It is
somewhat constricted at its
junction with the principal
cavity; it is longer, narrower,
and more curved than the right
auricular appendix, and its
margins are more deeply
indented.
It is directed forward and
toward the right and overlaps
the root of the pulmonary artery.
Mitra
Ga
ve
Mitra
va
ve (a
s k
as the bi sid va
ve r

eft atrivetri
ar
va
ve)
is a dual flap (bi = 2) valve

in the heart that lies between the
left atrium (LA) and the left
ventricle (LV). In Latin, the term
mitral means shaped like a
miter, or bishop's cap. The
mitral valve and the tricuspid
valve are known collectively as
the atrioventricular valves
because they lie between the
atria and the ventricles of the
heart and control flow.
Ôe t ventri
e
The left ventricle is
one of four chambers
(two atria and two
ventricles) in the human
heart. It receives
oxygenated blood from
the left atrium via the
mitral valve, and pumps
it into the aorta via the
aortic valve.
The left ventricle is
longer and more conical
in shape than the right,
and on transverse
section its concavity
presents an oval or
nearly circular outline. It
forms a small part of the
sternocostal surface and
a considerable part of
the diaphragmatic
surface of the heart; it
also forms the apex of
the heart.
Aorti Ga
ve
Aorti va
ve
is one of the valves of the
heart. It lies between the left
ventricle and the aorta.
Morphology
The aortic valve has three
cusps. These cusps are half
moon shaped hence also called
aortic semilunar valve. Each
cusp has a small swelling in the
center called the nodule.
Dilatation of the wall of the aorta
behind these cusps is called
aortic sinus. When the aortic
valve is open, the normal size of
the orifice is 3-4 cm² in adults.
Aorti Sinus
orti sinus

Y

Y
D

Y
D

Y
D

u u u Y
Aorta
The aorta (generally
pronounced [e* tԥ] or
"ay-orta") is the largest
artery in the human body,
originating from the left
ventricle of the heart and
bringing oxygenated blood
to all parts of the body in
the systemic circulation.
J s f t At
The aorta is usually divided
into five
segments/sections:
D Ascending aorta
D Arch of aorta
D Descending aorta
D Thoracic aorta
D Abdominal aorta
Asendin aorta Arh o aorta Desendin aorta
Asendin Aorta ·

VV VVV
Arh o Aorta · the

peak part that looks
somewhat like an inverted
"U"
Desendin Aorta ·
the section from the arch
of aorta to the point where
it divides into the common
iliac arteries
Thorai aorta
Thorai aorta

Y

Y

Y
Abdomina
Aorta
Abdomina
Aorta
is a large artery in
the abdominal cavity.
As part of the aorta, it
is a direct continuation
of descending aorta
(of the thorax).
Sstemi îru
ation
Sstemi îru
ation
is the portion of the cardiovascular
system which carries oxygenated
blood away from the heart, to the body,
and returns deoxygenated blood back
to the heart. The term is contrasted
with pulmonary circulation.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
leaves the left heart through the aorta,
from where it is distributed to the
body's organs and tissues, which
absorb the oxygen, through a complex
network of arteries, arterioles, and
capillaries. The deoxygenated blood is
then collected by venules, from where
it flows first into veins, and then into
the inferior and superior venae cavae,
which return it to the right heart,
completing the systemic cycle. The
blood is then re-oxygenated through
the pulmonary circulation before
returning again to the systemic
circulation.
Ôaers o the Heart
1.) Pericardium
1.1.)Sinus
a.) Oblique Sinus
b.) Transverse Sinus
2.) Epicardium
3.) Myocardium
4.) Endocardium
5.) Cardiac skeleton
5.1.) Vibrous trigone
5.2.) Vibrous rings
Periardium

Y
Ôaers o Periardium
A.) Vibrous Pericardium
is the most superficial layer. It is a dense connective tissue,
protecting the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and
preventing it from overfilling with blood. It is continuous with the outer
adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels.
B.) Serous Pericardium

is deep to the fibrous pericardium. It contains two layers, both of
which function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction from
occurring during heart activity.
Periardia
Sinuses
The cul-de-sac enclosed between the limbs of the

inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left
atrium and is known as the Ob
ique Sinus.
The passage between the venous and arterial

mesocardia·i.e., between the aorta and pulmonary artery
in front and the atria behind·is termed the Jransverse
Sinus.
Epiardium

÷
Y!

÷ ÷Y

Y

Y
"

#

Y
Moardium
is the muscular tissue of the heart.
Relationship to other layers

J VV
The Endocardium (inner lining, effectively a specialised endothelium)

The Epicardium (a connective tissue layer around the heart with a
serous surface. It may be considered as the inner (visceral) layer of the
pericardium).
Composition
The myocardium is composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells
with an ability not possessed by muscle tissue elsewhere in the body.
Cardiac muscle, like other muscles, can contract, but it can also
conduct electricity, like nerves.
The blood supply of the myocardium is by the coronary arteries.

Endoardium
endocardium

Y

Y
÷u

Y

Y
Vunction
3

Y

Y$

Y

Y

Y

Y
ârdia ske
eton
Cardiac skeleton
% %

Y
%%

Y

Y
V u

Y
u ÷÷ u
u÷
Heart Strutures
A.) Atria B.) Gentri
e
wInterventricular Septum
wInteratrial septum
wTrabeculae Carneae
wMusculi pectinati
wChordae Tendinae
wPapillary Muscle
^.) Ga
ve
1.) Atrioventricular valves

1.1.) Mitral valve
1.2.) Tricuspid valve
2.) Semilunar valves

2.1.) Aortic valve
2.2.) Pulmonic valve
Interatria
septum
Interatrial Septum ÷
÷ ÷ ÷ ÷

u÷ ÷ ÷
Musu
i Petinati

musculi pectinati
pectinate muscles Y
Interventriu
ar Septum
Interventriu
ar Septum
Portions
Interventricular septum
ventricular septum
septum inferius

muscular ventricular septumY
Y

&

'

membranous
ventricular septum septum

Y membranaceum Y
Trabeu
ae ârneae
trabeculae carneae columnae carneae

Y
They are of three kinds:

(Y )

*Y
+Y !

,
,

Y
^hordae Tendinae
chordae
tendineaeheart
strings

Y
!

Y

Y)

Y
Papi
ar Mus
e
Papi
ar us
es of
the heart serve to limit
the movements of the
mitral and tricuspid
valves. These muscles
contract to tighten the
chordae tendineae,
which in turn prevent
inversion. This occurs
in response to
pressure gradients.
Instead they brace the
valves against the high
pressure, preventing
regurgitation of
ventricular blood back
into the atrial cavities.
Heart Ga
ves
Heart valves are

valves in the heart that
maintain the
unidirectional flow of
blood by opening and
closing depending on
the difference in
pressure on each side.
The mechanical
equivalent of the heart
valves would be the
reed valves.
Mitra
Ga
ve
mitral valve

bicuspid valve left
atrioventricular valve
-*

.

./ Y.

0
Y

Y
Triuspid Ga
ve
tricuspid valve

Y

Y

Y
Aorti Ga
ve
Aorti Ga
ve
aortic valve Y

Y
Morphology

Y

Y1

Y"

Y!
#

+2
3 Y
Vunction & Physiology
"

Y!

Y!

Y!

Y

*

)* Y
Pumonar Ga
ve
Pumonar Ga
ve
is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three
cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonic valve
opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right
ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery.
At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the
right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary
artery will close the pulmonic valve.
The closure of the pulmonic valve contributes the P2

component of the second heart sound (S2). The right heart
is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the
second heart sound is usually softer than the A2
component of the second heart sound. However, it is
physiologically normal in some young people to hear both
components separated during inhalation.
Reions o The Heart
1.) Base
2.) Apex
3.) Grooves
V VV
V
VV

V

V
4.) Sur aes
a V

VVV
Ú.) Borders
V

Base o the Heart
Base of the heart

,

Y

Y
)&

Y

& Y

Y
Apex o the Heart
Apex o the heart
is the lowest superficial part of
the heart.
It is directed downward, forward,
and to the left, and is overlapped by
the left lung and pleura.
External Anatomy
It lies behind the fifth left
intercostal space, 8 to 9 cm. from the
mid-sternal line, slightly medial to the
midclavicular line.
Alternately, it can be found about
4 cm. below and 2 mm. to the medial
side of the left mammary papilla.
It's function is to pump blood to
left atruim
Grooves
oror/tr ovetr
r
Itertr
ter or tervetr
Ñoster or tervetr
r
ôronar Su
us
The atria of the heart are separated from

the ventricles by the coronary sulcus
(coronary groove, auriculoventricular
groove, atrioventricular groove); this
contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels
of the heart, and is deficient in front, where
it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary
artery.
Interatria
Groove
Interatrial groove, separating the two

atria, is scarcely marked on the
posterior surface, while anteriorly it is
hidden by the pulmonary artery and
aorta.
Anterior Interventriu
ar Su
us
The ventricles of the heart are separated

by two grooves, one of which, the anterior
longitudinal sulcus (or anterior
interventricular sulcus), is situated on the
sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its
left margin. The other groove separating the
ventricles is the posterior interventricular
sulcus.
Posterior Interventriu
ar Su
us
The ventricles are separated by two grooves,

one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus, is
situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart,
close to its left margin, the other posterior
longitudinal sulcus (posterior interventricular
sulcus, inferior interventricular groove), on the
diaphragmatic surface near the right margin.
In it run the posterior interventricular artery
and middle cardiac vein.
Sur aes
Sterstal
D a ragat
Sternoosta
Sur ae o Heart
The sternocostal surface of the heart (anterior
surface of the heart) is directed forward, upward,
and to the left.
Its lower part is convex, formed chiefly by the
right ventricle, and traversed near its left margin
by the anterior longitudinal sulcus.
Its upper part is separated from the lower by
the coronary sulcus, and is formed by the atria; it
presents a deep concavity, occupied by the
ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Diaphramati Sur ae o Heart
The diaphragmatic surface of the heart,
directed downward and slightly backward, is
formed by the ventricles, and rests upon the
central tendon and a small part of the left
muscular portion of the diaphragm.
It is separated from the base by the
posterior part of the coronary sulcus, and is
traversed obliquely by the posterior
longitudinal sulcus.
Borders
Riht Border o Heart
Ôe t Marin o Heart
Riht Border o Heart
Riht ari o the heart (riht border o
heart)
is long, and is formed by the right atrium above and the
right ventricle below.
The VV
is rounded and almost vertical; it is
situated behind the third, fourth, and fifth right costal
cartilages about 1.25 cm. from the margin of the sternum.
The
V , thin and sharp, is named the
VV ; it is nearly horizontal, and extends from the
sternal end of the sixth right coastal cartilage to the apex
of the heart.
Ôe t Marin o Heart
The left margin of heart (or obtuse margin) is shorter
than the right border of heart, full, and rounded: it
is formed mainly by the left ventricle, but to a
slight extent, above, by the left atrium.
It extends from a point in the second left

intercostal space, about 2.5 mm. from the sternal
margin, obliquely downward, with a convexity to
the left, to the apex of the heart.
E
etria
ondution sstem o
the heart
The normal electrical conduction in the heart allows the
impulse that is generated by the sinoatrial node (SA node)
of the heart to be propagated to (and stimulate) the
myocardium (Cardiac muscle). After myocardium is
stimulated, it contracts. It is the ordered stimulation of the
myocardium that allows efficient contraction of the heart,
thereby allowing blood to be pumped throughout the body.
ârdia Paemaker
SA node
AG node
Bund
e o His
Purkinje Fibers
ârdia Paemaker
The contractions of the heart are controlled by

chemical impulses, which fire at a rate which controls the
beat of the heart.
The cells that create these rhythmical impulses are
called pacemaker cells, and they directly control the heart
rate. Artificial devices also called pacemakers can be
used after damage to the body's intrinsic conduction
system to produce these impulses synthetically.
Sinoatria
node
Sinoatria
node (abbreviated S node or
S a
so a
ed t e sin s node)
is the impulse generating (pacemaker) tissue
located in the right atrium of the heart. It is a group
of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium,
near the entrance of the superior vena cava. These
cells are modified cardiac myocytes. They possess
some contractile filaments, though they do not
contract.
Atrioventriu
ar node
Atrioventriu
ar node (abbreviated AG
node)
is an area of specialized tissue between the atria
and the ventricles of the heart, which conducts the
normal electrical impulse from the atria to the
ventricles. The AV node is also known as the
!JVVV .
The AV node receives two inputs from the atria:
posteriorly via the crista terminalis, and anteriorly
via the interatrial septum.
An important property that is unique to the AV
node is V
. This is the property
of the AV node that prevents rapid conduction to the
ventricle in cases of rapid atrial rhythms, such as
atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
Bund
e o His
Bund
e o His
is a collection of heart
muscle cells specialized for
electrical conduction that
transmits the electrical impulses
from the AV node (located
between the atria and the
ventricles) to the point of the
apex of the fascicular branches.
The fascicular branches then
lead to the Purkinje fibers which
innervate the ventricles, causing
the cardiac muscle of the
ventricles to contract at a paced
interval. These specialized
muscle fibres in the heart were
named after the Swiss
cardiologist Wilhelm His, Jr.,
who discovered them in 1893.
Purkinje Fibers
Purkinje fibers (or Purkyne tissue) are located in the
inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the
endocardium. These fibers are specialized myocardial
fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that
enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion.
Funtion
Purkinje fibers work with the sinoatrial node (SA node)
and the atrioventricular node (AV node) to control the heart
rate.
During the ventricular contraction portion of the
cardiac cycle, the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction
impulse from the left and right bundle branches to the
myocardium of the ventricles. This causes the muscle
tissue of the ventricles to contract and force blood out of
the heart · either to the pulmonary circulation (from the
right ventricle) or to the systemic circulation (from the left
ventricle).
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Human Heart

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Human Heart

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The eustachian valve

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is one of the four chambers

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B.) Serous Pericardium

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The passage between the venous and arterial

Relationship to other layers

The Endocardium (inner lining, effectively a specialised endothelium)

The blood supply of the myocardium is by the coronary arteries.

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The atria of the heart are separated from

Interatrial groove, separating the two

The ventricles of the heart are separated

The ventricles are separated by two grooves,

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It extends from a point in the second left

The contractions of the heart are controlled by

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