SCADA

INTRODUCTION
 SCADA: Supervisory
Control And Data
Acquisition System
 A Supervisory System
 Encompasses all
control ,indicating and
associated telemetry
equipments at the
master station and all
of the complimentary
devices in the remote
stations
 PURPOSE
 To Provide the user with the capability to
exercise control over a specific device
and confirm its performance in
accordance with the directed action.
 To process those data for use by
operator
 Operator control of remote devices
 SCADA AND ELECTRIC
UTILITIES
It can be discussed in the following
categories:
 Functions of SCADA
 Fundamentals of operation
 Design considerations
 FUNCTIONS OF SCADA
 DATA ACQUISITION
 INFORMATION DISPLAY
 SUPERVISORY CONTROL
 ALARM PROCESSING
 INFORMATION STORAGE AND REPORTS
 DATA CALCULATIONS
 DATA ACQUISITION
 Periodic acquisition of data from RTUs
 Data acquired on a polled basis
 Two options available on how a RTU responds:
1. Send the actual value of points
2. Send only those points where change has
occurred
 The latter option preferred and referred to as
“Reporting By Exception”
 It’s a collective process of several specialized
and highly related sub processes
 INFORMATION DISPLAY
 This process consists of:
1. Retrieving both fixed and real time data from
database
2. Combining them
3. Presenting them to the operator in the form of
limited graphics CRT color pages
 This section is organized in a hierarchical tree
structure
 Display selection by dedicated function keys
provides very rapid access to frequently used
displays
 SUPERVISORY CONTROL
 Process of actuating equipment operation at
remote locations
 This process includes:
1. Selection of station
2. Selection of the device to be controlled
3. Execution of desired commands such as TRIP
or close
 “Check-before-operate” method is employed
for security of personnel and electric system
 ALARM PROCESSING
 This process includes:
1. Alerting the operator to unscheduled
events
2. Informing him the time of occurrence,
the station location, the device ID and
the nature of event
 The most common output of the alarm
are CRT alarm lists, hardcopy printouts
and audible alarms
 INFORMATION STORAGE AND
REPORTS
 Accurate records are necessary to satisfy
legal and governmental requirements for
accounting, for support and forecasting
future system operations and for
engineering planning purposes
 Pre-selected data sets are captured at
periodic intervals and saved in rotating file
 Periodicity of storage frequently set at
certain time intervals called file time span
 DATA CALCULATIONS
 Data calculations done with single variables are:
1. Determination of averages
2. Maximum or minimum values over given intervals
3. Integration with respect to time
 Calculations done with multiple variables include sums,
differences, products, exponents, squares, square
roots, exponentiation and others
 A practical application of such calculation is load
monitoring of large transformer banks
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATION

 POLLING SCHEMES
 DATA INPUTS
 CONTROL OUTPUTS
 DATABASE
 MAN MACHINE INTERFACE
 POLLING SCHEMES
 In communications engineering
this method is known as “time
division multiple access
(TDMA)”
 Master station controls and the
RTUs respond to only polling
requests.
Following points are discussed
through the diagram given:
1. Multiple 2 or 4 wire telephone
grade circuits
2. Polling command requests, and
RTU responses are time
multiplexed
3. Automatic generation control
(AGC)
 DATABASE
 The newer database updates the real time part of the
user programs which retrieves data from the database
and save computed results back into the database
 They are not fixed in size but can easily be expanded
provided the physical memory is available
 Information contained in SCADA database may be
categorized into:
1. Real time
2. Parametric
3. Calculated
4. Application
 MAN MACHINE INTERFACE
 One of the greatest challenges in SCADA is to
provide efficient and user-friendly man machine
interface
 It consists of the hardware as well as the
program function which makes it all work
 Example of such a man machine interface : now
in SCADA systems the simple audible alarm has
been supplanted with a voice synthesizer which
actually verbalizes alarm messages
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 Under this subject we have the following
topics to be covered:
1. RELIABILITY / AVAILABILITY
2. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
3. RTU LOCAL TEST FEATURES
 RELIABILITY / AVAILABILITY
 Availability is defined as:
%Availability=uptime/(uptime + downtime)*100
 An acceptable availability figure for master
station is 99.8 or 99.9 percent
 Such level of availability can be achieved by :
1. Good diagnostics
2. High content of easily replaceable elements
3. Adequate spare parts
4. Good maintenance training
 CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
 This includes changing CRT pictures , and
building and modifying report formats
 A prerequisite to efficient configuration is
a well-structured database
 For example a typical point attributes
include measurement number, station ID,
name limits, engineering conversion
constants, area of responsibility, alarm
priority and many more.
 APPLICATIONS
 Industrial control
 Oil & gas transmission,production and
distribution
 Waste water utilities
 Electric utility for remote control of
substations
 Power distribution automation
 CONCLUSION
 System reliability, programming features and ease
of use by the operator are important issues that
must be taken into account.
 To conclude all the previously discussed concepts
about SCADA are the real life SCADA system
representation
THANK YOU