PENELITIAN =
RESEARCH
Soemarno
Jurs Tanah FPUB 2012
KEPMENDIKBUD No. 212/U/1999
Penelitian adalah:
1. Pemeriksaan yang teliti
2. Kegiatan pengumpulan, pengolahan, analisis, dan penyajian data yang
dilakukan secara sistematis dan objektif untuk memecahkan suatu
persoalan atau menguji suatu hipotesis untuk mengembangkan prinsip-
prinsip umum.
Woody (dalam Danim, 2002):
Penelitian merupakan metode untuk menemukan kebenaran , disamping itu juga merupakan
suatu pemikiran kritis.
Burnd dan Grove (1993): research = is diligent systematic inquiry or investigation to validate
and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.
Hillway (1956): “a method of study by which, through the careful and exhaustive of all
ascertainable evidence bearing upon a definable problem, we reach a solution to the problem.
Kerlinger (1986): penelitian adalah suatu penyelidikan yang sistematis , terkendali, empiris,
dan kritis mengenai fenomnena-fenomena alam yang dibimbing oleh teori dan hipoptesis
mengenai hubungan-hubungan yang diduga ada di antara fenomena-fenomena tersebut.
Jenis-jenis penelitian:
Kline (1980):
1. Perdasarkan Tujuan:
1.1. Penelitian Dasar
1.2. Penelitian Terapan
1.3. Penelitian Evaluasi
2. Berdasatkan Metode:
2.1. Penelitian Historis
2.2. Penelitian Deskriptif
2.3. Penelitian Perkembangan
2..4. Penelitian Kasus atau Studi Lapangan
2.5. Penelitian Korelasional
2.6. Penelitian Tindakan
2.7. Penelitian Komparatif
2.8. Penelitian Eksperimental
2.9. Penelitian Kualitatif
1. Natural setting
2. Human instruments
3. Utilization of tacit knowledge
4. Qualitative methods
5. Purposive sampling
6. Inductive data analysis
7. Grounded theory
8. Emergent design
9. Negotiated outcomes
10. Case study reporting mode
11. Idiographic interpretation
12. Tentative application
13. Focus determined boundaries
14. Special criteria for trustworthiness.
APA PENELITIAN KUALITATIF ITU ?
Kirk dan Miller (1986): penelitian kualitatif merupakan tradisi dalam ilmu
sosial yang secara fundamental bergantung pada pengamatan pada amanusia
dalam kawasannya sendiri dan berhubungan dengan orang-orang tersebut
menurut bahasa dan peristilahannya
1. Penelitian Fenomenologi
2. Penelitian Grounded
3. Penelitian Etnografi
4. Penelitian Historis
5. Penelitian Kasus
6. Inquiry Filosofis: fundasional, filosofis,
etik
7. Teori kritik sosial
Beberapa Istilah lain
Epistemologi: relationship Knower and known are Know the known are
of knower and known independent, a dualisme interactive, inseparable
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2001): masalah diartikan sebagai sesuatu yang
harus diselesaikan (dipecahkan); soal, persoalan.
1. Pertimbangan ilmiah
2. Pertimbangan non-ilmiah
3. Pertimbangan dari sudut pandang peneliti
Pertimbangan ilmiah:
1. Apakah maslaah tersebut dapat diteliti secara ilmiah? Yaitu masalah yang
realitasnya dapat diamati dan datanya tersedia dan dapat dikumpulkan
2. Apakah masalah tersebut memberikan manfaat dalam pengembangan ilmu
pengetahuan?
3. Dengan metode bagaimana masalah dapat diteliti?
Pertimbangan non-ilmiah:
1. Apa manfaat hasil penelitian bagi kepentingan praktis atau masyarakat?
2. Apakah masalah terlalu peka untuk diteliti? Resistensi sosial, budaya, ideologi
Pertimbangan peneliti:
1. Penguasaan teori dan metodologi
2. Minat peneliti terhadap masalaah
3. Kemampuan pengumpulan dan analisis data
4. Ketersediaan waktu, dana dan sumberdaya
Beberapa ciri khusus masalah
penelitian:
1. Memilih masalah
2. Studi pendahuluan
3. Merumuskan masalah
4. Merumuskan anggapan dasar
5. Merumuskan hipotesis
6. Memilih pendekatan
7. Menentukan variabel dan sumber data
8. Menentukan dan menyusun instrumen
9. Mengumpulkan data
10. Analisis data
11. Menarik kesimpulan
12. Menulis laporan
Husein Umar (1999):
Etika merupakan norma atau standar perilaku yang menjadi pedoman moral
perilaku seseorang dan huungannya dengan orang lain
Tujuan etika dalam penelitian adalah untuk menjamin agar tidak ada
seorangpun yang dirugikan atau mendapat dampak negatif dari kegiatan
penelitian.
In the earlier sociological papers (from 1940s and 1950s) this term could also be used
to mean the search for "universals" in social life, where "universal" meant an
invariant, complete, positivistic propriety (i.e. "all black males between 35 and 40
vote for Democrats"). (Ragin 1994)
Analytic induction
In the earlier sociological papers (from 1940s and 1950s) this term could also be used
to mean the search for "universals" in social life, where "universal" meant an
invariant, complete, positivistic propriety (i.e. "all black males between 35 and 40
vote for Democrats"). (Ragin 1994)
Analytic induction allows for modification of social concepts and their relationships
throughout the process of doing research, with the goal of most accurately
representing the reality of the situation.
Cohort study
A cohort study is a form of longitudinal study used in
medicine and social science.
It is one type of study design.
The comparison group may be the general population from which the
cohort is drawn, or it may be another cohort of persons thought to have had
little or no exposure to the substance under investigation, but otherwise
similar.
Alternatively, subgroups within the cohort may be
compared with each other. The largest cohort study in
women is the Nurses' Health Study.
Started in 1976, it is tracking over 120,000 nurses and has
been analyzed for many different conditions and outcomes.
The “fuzzy info from many sources” tab refers to different info
sources like training materials, processes, literature, articles,
working experience etc.
If the poverty rate is 10% at a point in time, this may mean that
10% of the population are always poor, or that the whole
population experiences poverty for 10% of the time.
Examples
Rather than trying to improve the braking system on a car by looking in great
detail at the composition of the brake pads (reductionist), the boundary of the
braking system may be extended to include not only the components of the car,
but the driver, the road and the weather, and considering the interactions between
them.
HARD SYSTEMS —
Computing,
Engineering,
Epidemiology,
Information science,
Health,
Manufacture,
Management, and
Environment.
References