Design Interruption Process for HVDC

System using Vacuum circuit Breaker

Based on Artificial Current Zero

Name : Ali Raza

Reg. No. : MSEE-S15-009
Advisor: Sir Waheed Aftab
 Abstract
• Urgent demand of interruption scheme
• Artificial current zero crossing is proposed
with modularized vacuum switch in series
• Parameters of commutation branch has vital
influence
• Improve breaking ability of circuit breaker
• Residual current and after current
commutation effect are analyzed
 Introduction

Two types of topologies

1. Current Source Converter (CSC)
• Point to point distribution technology
• Based on thyristor
• Consume more reactive Power
• Intense low order harmonics
• Unidirectional System [1],[2]
• Rated capacity is 6400MW at 800KV & 4KA [3]
• Losses in one terminal upto 0.7% at rated current
[4]
• Rate of rise of DC short circuit current is small and
control
 2. Voltage Source Converter(VSC)
• Multi terminal concept in HVDC transmission
• Based on high power transistors IGBTs [5]
• Also uses PWM technology
• Higher order harmonics due to PWM
• Less filter size
• It transmit active and reactive power
• Losses in VSC terminal system is 1.6% due to
conversion [6]
• Rated capacity is 800MW at 300KV [3]
• Low Impedance in VSC based MTHVDC
transmission system
• Rate of rise of current is high in case of short circuit
fault
 Research Question
There is a need of reliable circuit breaker
• Interruption time
• Energy Loss
• Cost
Previous Research / Implementation
• Rail traffic Power System at 1500V/100KA [7]
• Experiment has been performed at 100KV/10kA
in General Electric Research and Development
Center Schenectady, New York [8]
• 55KA current has been interrupted at 35KV by
collaboration of Istituto Gas Ionization and CESI
in Milano Italy [9]
• Experiment has been performed at 30KA/3KA
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and
Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University,
Xi'an, Shaanxi, China [10]
 Literature Review
There are three types of HVDC CB
• Mechanical Circuit Breaker
▫ Interruption time 30ms
▫ Minimum Power loss
▫ Designed up to 550KV
▫ current rating up to 4KA
 Passive Resonance C.B.
air blast circuit breaker
commutation branch
 Active Resonance C.B.
controlled by thyristor
similar with Hybrid C.B
Vacuum Circuit breaker
• Ultra fast Switching technique
▫ Designed up to 800KV
▫ High Power loss
▫ Interruption time 1ms
 Solid State C.B with surge arrestor
 Solid State C.B with freewheeling diode
• Hybrid Circuit Breaker
▫ Properties in between Mechanical C.B & Ultra
Fast C.B
 Combination of Mechanical C.B. & Ultra fast C.B.
 Working Principle of VCB
• It works on the principle of electromagnetic
repulsion theory
• Pulse of current is generated on occurrence of
fault
• Magnetic field produces due to A.C. in metal
plate
• Eddy current creates repulsive force
• Changing magnetic field opposes his cause.
Effect of series connected VCB
• Ub = K*dα
• Ubn = n*K*dα
• Ubs = K* (n*d)α
• β = Ubn / Ubs = n*K*dα / K* (n*d)α
 Research Methodology
• Proposed Scheme consists of four parts
▫ Vacuum circuit breaker
 Electromagnetic Repulsion
 Coupling of permanent magnet
▫ Commutation branch
 Pre- charged capacitor and inductor
 High voltage trigger sphere gap (TSG)
▫ Metal oxide varistor
▫ Two Back up circuit breaker
 To control residual Current
 Simulation
• Artificial zero crossing technique is used
• Rated voltage and rated current is 80KVA & .563KA
• Voltage source is on left side while fault occur on
right side
• Fault occur at 2ms,short circuit current is 4.2KA. at
3ms.
• All switches are assumed to be ideal.
• Parameters are following:
• U=80KV, Ro=0.79Ω ,Lo=23mH , RL =140 Ω ,
Lc=35mH , Cc=12μF ,
• 𝑓=1/ (2𝜋 (𝐿+𝐿𝑜)∗𝐶)= 165Hz
 Designed Scheme
VCB1 VCB2

Ro Lo
BCB2
BCB1
MOV1 MOV2

Source S
DC
RL

Lc Fault
Cc

Designed Scheme
Interruption Process and Results
• t=0: the system is operating in normal state.
• T1: Short circuit fault occurs, monitor and control detects the
fault.
• T2:commutation switch is triggered and injecting high
frequency current.
• T2-T3: during the first commutation current starts shift to
commutation branch
• T3: current is complete transfer to commutation branch.
• T3-T4: Capacitor starts charging in reverse direction,
• T4: total current is shifted to varistor branch. This is second
commutation.
• T5:First zero crossing of commutation current.
• T5-T6: Oscillating current is flowing through commutation
branch to MOV.
• T6: Current drops to zero due to cut off MOV branch.
 Simulation Results

(a) (b)
(a) Source Current without backup CB
(b) Varistor Current without backup CB
Backup Circuit Breaker
 Conclusion
• Interruption time is 7.8ms
• Cost effectiveness
• Residual current can be more damped with high
frequency
• Effect of commutation frequency during arcing
process need to explore
• Equal Voltage distribution in MCB
 References
• M. P. Bahrman and B. K. Johnson, "The ABCs of HVDC transmission
technologies," in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 32-
44, March-April 2007.
doi: 10.1109/MPAE.2007.329194
• N. Flourentzou, V. G. Agelidis and G. D. Demetriades, "VSC-Based HVDC
Power Transmission Systems: An Overview," in IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 592-602, March 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2008.2008441
• Q. Y. Yuan and Ling Yun, "Xiangjiaba-Shanghai highest power of UHVDC
ready for implementation," 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, 2008, pp. 1-5.
doi: 10.1109/TDC.2008.4517107
• Hui Pang, Guangfu Tang and Zhiyuan He, "Evaluation of losses in VSC-
HVDC transmission system," 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society
General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st
Century, Pittsburgh, PA, 2008, pp. 1-6.
doi: 10.1109/PES.2008.4596740
• S. Linder, Power Semiconductors. Lausanne, Switzerland: EPFL
Press, 2006.
• E. Koldby and M. Hyttinen, “Challenges on the road to an offshore
HVDC grid,” presented at the Nordic Wind Power Conf.,
Bornholm,Denmark, Sep. 10–11, 2009.
• Y. Niwa, J. Matsuzaki and K. Yokokura, "The basic investigation
of the high-speed VCB and its application for the DC power
system," 2008 23rd International Symposium on Discharges
and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Bucharest, 2008, pp. 107-
112.
doi: 10.1109/DEIV.2008.4676731
• J. M. Anderson and J. J. Carroll, "Applicability of a Vacuum
Interrupter as the Basic Switch Element in HVDC Breakers,"
in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.
PAS-97, no. 5, pp. 1893-1900, Sept. 1978.
doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1978.354685
• I. Benfatto, A. Maschio and S. Manganaro, "DC breaking tests
up to 55 kA in a single vacuum interrupter," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1732-1738,
Oct 1988.
doi: 10.1109/61.193978
• Z. Q. Shi, S. L. Jia, M. Ma, X. C. Song, H. Y. Yang, C. Liu, and L.
J.Wang, “Investigation on DC interruption based on artificial
current zero of vacuum switch,” 24th Int'l. Sympos. Discharges
and Electr. Insul. Vacuum, (ISDEIV), pp. 158-161, 2010.