Pertemuan 03 Komponen SIG : Manajemen Data & Pengguna
1 Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu : • Menjelaskan mengenai komponen SIG : Manajemen Data dan Pengguna (C2, TIK03)
2 Outline Materi
• Materi 1 : Manajemen Data SIG
• Materi 2 : Pengguna SIG
3 Manajemen Data SIG (1) • Data spasial & non-spasial (atribut) harus diorganisasi- kan secara baik ke dalam sebuah basis data sehingga mudah untuk dipanggil, di-update, dan di-edit. Tabel DATA MANAGEMENT & Laporan OUTPUT MANIPULATION Pengukuran Storage Peta DATA INPUT
Lapangan (database) Tabel Data Digital Input Retrieval Output lain Laporan
Peta (tematik, Informasi topografi, dll. Processing digital Citra Satelit (softcopy)
Foto Udara 4 Data lain Manajemen Data SIG (2) The Relational Database Model • At present, the relational database model dominates GIS (Heywood, p.76, 2002). • Many GIS software packages link directly to commercial relational database packages, and others include their own custom-designed relational database software. • Some GIS use a relational database to handle spatial as well as attribute data. • The relational data model is based on concepts proposed by Codd (1970). • 4 stages to entity relationship modeling : the identification of entities, the identification of relationships between entities, the identification of attributes of entities, and the derivation of tables from this 5 Manajemen Data SIG (3) Linking Spatial and Attribute Data • The relationship between GIS and databases varies. (Heywood, p.81, 2002). • For a simple raster GIS, where one cell in a layer of data contains a single value that represents the attributes of that cell, a database is not necessary. • Here the attribute values are likely to be held in the same file as the data layer itself. • However, there are few ‘real’ GIS like this, and those which exist are designed for analysis, rather than attribute data handling.
6 Manajemen Data SIG (4) Linking Spatial and Attribute Data • The improvement is the ability to handle attribute values in a file separate from the raster image. • Although this method also lacks the flexibility of a true relational DBMS, it is possible to link the GIS software with proprietary relational DBMS to upgrade the capabilities. • Most GIS, particularly vector-based systems, offer a hybrid approach (Batty, 1990; Maquire et al., 1990; Cassettari, 1993) • In this case, spatial data are stored as part of the GIS data structure and attribute data are stored in a relational DBMS. • This approach allows integration of existing databases with graphics by the allocation of a unique identifier to each feature in the GIS. (See Next Figure) 7 Manajemen Data SIG (5) Linking Spatial and Attribute Data • Hybrid Approach User Interface
GIS Tools
Graphical DBMS Manipulation S / W Spatial Data Attribute Data
ID Co-ordinate ID Attributes 1001 (x1, y1) 1001 Name 1 1002 (x2, y2) 1002 Name 2 ……. ……. ……. …….
8 Manajemen Data SIG (6) Linking Spatial and Attribute Data • Finally, an alternative approach is an extended GIS, where all aspects of the spatial and attribute data are in a single DBMS. • Seaborn (1995) considers these “all-relational” GIS to have considerable potential, and cites examples of major organizations such as British Telecom, Electricite de France and New Zealand Lands who have adopted this approach. • However, more attention has been focused on the development of object-oriented (OO) approaches to database design. • The fundamental aim of the OO model is to allow data modeling that is closer to real-world things and events. (Longley et al., 2001)
9 Manajemen Data SIG (7) Linking Spatial and Attribute Data • In a GIS, each class of object is stored in the form of a database table: each row represents an object and each column is a state. • The OO approach is possibly more appropriate for geographical data than relational model, since it allows the modeling of complex, real-world object, does not distinguish between spatial & attribute data and is appropriate for graphics operations. • Longley et al. (2001) list 3 features that good for GIS : Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism 10 Pengguna SIG (1)
High Application Skill Low Application Skill
GIS Analysts : Computer Technicians : High ‘Applications Specialists’ ‘Computer Specialists’ GIS E.q. system manager, E.q. programmers, data analyst, cartographer processor, database Skill administrator, digitizing technicians Managers : Customers : Low ‘Occasional ‘ The Public ‘ GIS Professionals’ E.q. Customers Skill E.q. end-users, decision makers
Adopted from Brown(1989), Grimshaw(1994), Eason(1994)
11 Pengguna SIG (2)
GIS Analysts : Applications Specialists
• System Manager : maintain GIS every time. Have a good
understanding of the applications’ context and GIS. • Analyst : able to translate the managers’ requirements into real GIS analysis. Have a good understanding of the applications’ context and GIS. • Cartographer : help to produce spatial information into GIS
• They all also have a role in designing and maintaining the
GIS, including the development of new application for the system. 12 Pengguna SIG (3)
Managers :Occasional Professionals
• End Users Decision Makers : required strategic
information from the GIS to make decision, but are unlikely ever to use the system in a ‘hands-on’ way. They are more interested in hard-copy output, such as maps. They have a good knowledge of the context of the application, but little GIS knowledge or experience. • E.q. : Company directors, managers.
13 Pengguna SIG (4)
Computer Technicians : Computer Specialists
• Have other responsibility in addition to the GIS. • Responsible for the wages and personnel computer system, which has no GIS element. • Assist data formatting and input, hardware maintenance and system upgrading. • They are not GIS experts. E.q. : Programmer Data Processor D/B Administrator Digitizing Technicians
14 Pengguna SIG (5)
Customers : Public user
• Using GIS to get spatial information by searching, retrieving, etc. • Customers also receive any products or services as a result of the GIS analysts’ manipulations of the customer databases. • Do not need to know that it is a GIS they are interacting with. Unlikely to have any business, GIS or computer expertise. • They are end-users of the products and services offered by the company.
15 Penutup
• Mahasiswa diharapkan telah mampu
menjelaskan mengenai komponen SIG, khususnya Manajemen Data dan Pengguna
