Introduction to

Microprocessor

Advance Technology
Contents
About microprocessor system.

Elements of microprocessor system

Microcontroller system.

Difference between microcontroller

and microprocessor systems.
What is role of
microprocessor and
microcontroller in embedded
system ?
Answer
Microprocessors or
microcontrollers are the main
heart of any embedded system.

They run the hardware

according to the program burnt
into them.
 Introduction
General-purpose microprocessor
• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example ： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor

Address Bus
o CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Execute information stored in memory

o I/O (Input/output) devices-

Provide a means of communicating with CPU

oMemory
RAM (Random Access Memory) – temporary
storage of programs that computer is running. The data is
lost when computer is off.
ROM (Read Only Memory) –
contains programs and information essential to
operation of the computer.
The information cannot be changed by user and is not
lost when power is off - It is called nonvolatile memory

Buses
Carries information from place to place
The CPU is connected to memory and I/O through
strips of wire called a bus

Address bus
Data bus
Control bus

Registers
The CPU uses registers to store information
temporarily.
ALU (arithmetic/logic unit)
Performs arithmetic functions such as add, subtract,
multiply, and divide, and logic functions such as AND, OR,
and NOT

Program counter
Points to the address of the next instruction to be executed

Instruction decoder
Interprets the instruction fetched into the CPU
Introduction to
Microcontroller

Advance Technology
 Microcontroller
• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example ： Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051,
Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

Serial
A single chip
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller

Advance Technology
 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
ROM, I/O, timer are separate
• Designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O
ports.
• Expensive
• Versatility
• Multipurpose
• Concerned with rapid
movement of the code & data
from the external addresses to
the chip.
Microcontroller
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
timer are all on a single chip
• Fixed amount of on-chip
ROM, RAM, I/O ports
• For applications in which
cost, power and space are
critical
• Specific purpose
• Concerned with the rapid
movement of the bits within
the chip.