The Generation of Electric Energy

ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials

Prof. Lou van der Sluis

17 March 2018

Delft
University of
Technology

Electrical Power System Essentials

 The Generation of Electric Energy

• Electricity: the energy carrier of the future

• Boundary conditions:
• Oil, gas, coal and uranium resources are limited
• Ecological impact
• Reliability of supply
• Low prices

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Fuel Mix

Capacity [GW] France Netherlands Germany Austria Switzerland Italy

Hydro power 25.4 - 9.1 11.8 13.3 21.1

Nuclear power 63.2 0.5 20.3 - 3.2 -

Conventional thermal 24.8 19.3 70.4 6.3 0.3 66.2

Renewables 2.4 2.3 24.5 0.9 0.3 2.5

total 115.8 22.1 124.3 19.0 17.1 89.8

Installed generation capacity in some European countries in the year 2006

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Thermal Power Plant (1)

The Amercentrale in the Netherlands (Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Thermal Power Plant (2)

The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Principals of Thermodynamics (1)

dQ = dU + dW = dU + pdV

• Q : The heat added to the system [J]

• U : The internal energy [J]
• W : The work done by the system [J]
• P : The gas pressure [Pa]
• V : The gas volume [m3]

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Principals of Thermodynamics (2)

pV-diagram of an ideal gas with two states (p1, V1) and (p2, V2)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Principals of Thermodynamics (3)

Schematic representation of a heat engine working between

a hot reservoir (T1) and a cold reservoir (T2)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Principals of Thermodynamics (4)

The pV-diagram of the Carnot cycle

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Thermal Power Plant (1)

The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Thermal Power Plant (2)

The Rankine Cycle

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Nuclear Power Plant (1)
A typical fission reaction

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Nuclear Power Plant (2)
The Boiling Water Reactor

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Nuclear Power Plant (3)
The Pressurized Water Reactor

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Nuclear Fusion
A typical fusion reaction

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Wind Energy

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Wind Turbines (1)
The Danish wind turbine concept

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Wind Turbines (2)
Wind turbine with a doubly-fed induction generator

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Wind Turbines (3)
A direct drive wind turbine

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Hydro Power

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Water Turbines (1)
The Kaplan Water Turbine

Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro

Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Water Turbines (2)
The Francis Water Turbine

Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro

Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Water Turbines (3)
The Pelton Wheel Turbine

Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro

Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Solar Power (1)
Solar Power Tower

Courtesy of DOE/NREL

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Solar Power (2)
Solar Panels

Courtesy of DOE/NREL

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Geothermal Power (1)
Dry Steam Power Plant

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Geothermal Power (2)
Flash Steam Power Plant

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Geothermal Power (3)
Binary-Cycle Power Plant

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (1)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (2)
Generator Types

Two-pole cylindrical rotor Four-pole salient-pole rotor

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (3)
Equivalent Circuit

No power exchange with the grid

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (4)
Grid interaction

No power exchange Generator injects power into the grid

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (5)
Equivalent Circuit

Generator injects power into the grid

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Infinite Bus (1)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Infinite Bus (2)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (6)
Generator Heating Limits

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (7)
Active power as a function of the power angel 

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Synchronous Machine (8)
Example of a Loading Capability Curve

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105