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The document discusses different types of tendons used for rock reinforcement, including their characteristics and uses. It covers mechanically anchored rockbolts, grouted smooth bars, grouted Shepherd's Crooks, resin anchored bolts, friction anchors, inflatable tendons, load-deformation curves, and rockburst conditions. The types of tendons vary in their ability to be pre-tensioned, effectiveness in different rock conditions, installation complexity, corrosion resistance, and performance under rockburst loading. Grouted yielding tendons that deform under load, like Conebolts and Durabars, help address issues with rigid tendons failing in rockbursts.
The document discusses different types of tendons used for rock reinforcement, including their characteristics and uses. It covers mechanically anchored rockbolts, grouted smooth bars, grouted Shepherd's Crooks, resin anchored bolts, friction anchors, inflatable tendons, load-deformation curves, and rockburst conditions. The types of tendons vary in their ability to be pre-tensioned, effectiveness in different rock conditions, installation complexity, corrosion resistance, and performance under rockburst loading. Grouted yielding tendons that deform under load, like Conebolts and Durabars, help address issues with rigid tendons failing in rockbursts.
The document discusses different types of tendons used for rock reinforcement, including their characteristics and uses. It covers mechanically anchored rockbolts, grouted smooth bars, grouted Shepherd's Crooks, resin anchored bolts, friction anchors, inflatable tendons, load-deformation curves, and rockburst conditions. The types of tendons vary in their ability to be pre-tensioned, effectiveness in different rock conditions, installation complexity, corrosion resistance, and performance under rockburst loading. Grouted yielding tendons that deform under load, like Conebolts and Durabars, help address issues with rigid tendons failing in rockbursts.
2. Grouted smooth bar/rebars 3. Grouted Shepherd’s Crooks 4. Resin anchored bolts 5. Friction anchors 6. “Inflatable” tendons 7. Load-deformation curves 8. Rockburst conditions 3.1 Mechanically anchored rockbolt • Expansion shell to anchor bolt • Can be pre-tensioned • Short bond length required • Work well in hard rock • Needs to be re-tensioned if not grouted • Not effective in soft rock or closely jointed rock 3.2 Grouted smooth bar / rebar
• Disadvantage - cannot be pre-tensioned (passive support)
• Type of grout/rib combination can be engineered to give particular load-deformation characteristics • Ensuring good quality grout underground can be problematic Grouted rebar
• Example of pull-out force of different grouted bolt types in
simulated squeezing conditions (Schubert, 1996) 3.3 Grouted Shepherd’s Crook • Eye useful for mesh and lacing applications • Widely used in South Africa • Problems reported with “short arm” pulling out • Disadvantage - cannot be pretensioned (passive support) 3.4 Resin anchored bolts • Better in weak rock than mechanically anchored bolts • No need for re-tensioning • Combination of fast resin for end anchoring and slow resin in rest of hole allows for pre-tensioning and a fully bonded anchor • Disadvantage is high cost of resin • Resins have limited shelf life – expired resins lead to poor installations 3.5 Friction anchor (Split Set) • Provides frictional anchorage along entire length of hole • Hole needs to be drilled slightly undersized • Quick and simple to install • More yieldable than grouted anchors in mild rockburst conditions • Corrosion a problem • Incorrect hole size will result in faulty installations 3.6 Inflatable tendons • Initially developed by Atlas Copco as the Swellex system • Folded tube is inflated by high pressure water • Intimate contact is achieved with the rock sidewalls • Higher pullout force compared to splitsets • Continuous developments have since occurred from both Atlas Copco and New Concept Mining (NCM) • The NCM Hydrabolt has a non-return valve which results in a much shorter critical bond length than the bolts in which the water is released. 3.7 Load-deformation curves • Stilborg (1994) – pulling two blocks of concrete apart 3.8 Rockburst conditions
• Early 1970’s – grouted steel tendons with mesh and lacing
became standard for tunnels in deep SA mines • Destranded hoist rope used initially • Rope often not completely de-greased, weakening bond with grout • Shepherd’s Crooks gradually replaced destranded hoist rope • Ortlepp (1994) described this as a “retrograde” step • Tensile failure of these stiff tendons frequently occurred in rockburst conditions • Promoted the use of grouted yielding bolts Rigid tendons in rockburst conditions
• Example of rockburst damage in a tunnel in which fully
grouted rigid tendons were used (Erasmus et al. 2009)
Failed Shepherd’s Crook Yielding grout tendons
• The Conebolt and Durabar developed in South Africa
• Quality of grout and installations must be very good – Can be problematic in underground applications