Dini Agustina

BASIC IMMUNOLOGY Mikrobiologi

FKUJ
2015
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 TERMINOLOGY

 Immunity  Protection from the disease and, more

specifically, infectious disease
 Immune system defense against infectious
microbes

 Immune response  reaction of these cells and molecules

to infectious microbes
 Immunology  the study of the immune system and its
responses to invading pathogens

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 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Role of the immune system
Defense against infections
The immune system recognizes and
responds to tissue grafts and newly
introduced proteins
Defense against tumors
Antibodies are highly specific
reagents for detecting any class of
molecules
Implications
Deficient immunity results in
increased susceptibility to infections;
exemplified by AIDS
Vaccination boosts immune defenses
and protects against infections
Immune responses are important
barriers to transplantation and gene
therapy
Potential for immunotherapy of
cancer
Immunologic approaches for
laboratory testing are widely used in
clinical medicine and research
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 Innate immunity
early reactions
Adaptive immunity
later respons

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 Immune System
Microbe
Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

B lymphocytes Antibodies
Epithelial
barriers

T lymphocytes
Effector T cells
Phagocytes

Complement NK cells

Hours Days
0 6 12 1 3 5
Time after infection
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 IMMUNE SYSTEM
Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
Properties
- Specificity Relative low High
- Diversity Limited High
- Specialization Relative stabile Very special
- Memory No Yes
Component
- Physical barrier Skin, Mucous Skin immune
membrane, Normal system, mucous
Flora secretion, secretory
- Blood protein Complement antibody
- Cells Phagocytes Antibody/ Ig
(macrophage, PMN, NK) Lymphocytes (B & T)
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 COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNIT Y

Component Principle function

Barriers
Epithelial layers Prevent microbial entry
Defensin Microbial killing
Intraepithelial lymphocytes Microbial killing

Circulating efector cells

Neutrophils Early phagocytosis and killing microbes
Macrophages Early phagocytosis and killing microbes,
secretion of cytokines that stimulate
inflammation

NK cells Lysis of infected cells, activation of

macrophages
Components Principle function
Circulating effector proteins
Complement Killing microbes, opsonization of microbes,
activation of leukocytes
Membran binding lectin ( Opsonization of microbes, activation of
collectin) complement
C-reactive protein (pentraxin) Opsonization of microbes, activation of
complement
Coagulation factors Walling of infected tissues
Cytokines
TNF, IL-1, chemokines Inflammation
IFN-γ Macrophage activation
IL-12 IFN-γ production by NK cells and T cells
IL-15 Proliferation of NK cells
IL-10,TGF-β Control of inflammation
IFN-α, β Resistance to viral infection
Anatomical defenses associated with tissue surfaces

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Functions of
epithelia in
innate
immunity
FUNCTION OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Mechanisms in Rheumatology ©2001

 ADAPTIVE IMMUNIT Y

Class
CD4+ helper T lymphocytes
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Regulatory T cell
Functions
B cell differentiation (humoral
immunity)
Macrophage activation (cell-
mediated immunity)
Killing of cell infected with microbes,
killing of tumor cells
Suppress function of other T cell
(regulation of immune responses,
maintenance of self-tolerance)

B lymphocytes Antibody production

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 T YPES 0F ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONS

 Humoral immunity
mediated by molecules in the blood, called ANTIBODIES
 antibodies produced by cells called B lymphocytes
 principle defense mechanisms against extracellular
microbes and their toxin
 Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
mediated by T lymphocytes
 principle defense mechanisms against intracellular
microbes such as viruses and some bacteria
 promotes the destruction of microbes residing in
phagocytes or the lysis of infected cells

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TYPE OF ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY

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 Th2 effector functions (Humoral Immunity)

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Mechanisms in Rheumatology ©2001
 Th1 effector functions (Celluler Immunity)

Click here to run the animation

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Mechanisms in Rheumatology ©2001
IMMUNE CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNIT Y

 Macrophages — engulf foreign objects

 Inform T lymphocytes that a specific antigen is
present
 Helper T cells — produce and secrete chemicals
which promote large numbers of effector and
memory cells
 Cytotoxic T cells — T lymphocytes that eliminate
infected body cells and tumour cells

B cells — produce antibodies (secrete them in the

blood or position them on their cell surfaces)
Role of B lymphocytes

• B cells act as antigen

presenting cells (APCs),
presenting antigen
to T cells
• B cells secrete
antibodies
(immunoglobulins)
• Cytokine production

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 Antibody isotype : specific effector function

• Ig G : Neutralization, Opsonization
Activation of classical pathway of complement
ADCC mediated by NK cells
Neonatal immunity
• Ig M : Activation of classical pathway of complement
• Ig A : Mucosal immunity
• Ig E : ADCC mediated by eosinophils
Mast cell degranulation
• Ig D : bind to basophils and mast cells and activate
these cells to produce antimicrobial factors to
participate in respiratory immune defense in humans
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 adapted from
1. Kusworini Handono. Introduction to the immune system.
Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University Malang
2. Abbas A.K and Lictman A.H. 2003. celluler and molekuler
immunology. Fifth ed. Elsevier Health Sciences. USA
3. Chen, Kang et al. 2009. Immunoglobulin D enhances
immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial,
proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in
basophils. Nat Immunol.10 (8): 889–898.

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 Thank You

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Dodi 8 tahun, sedang bermain sepak
bola di lapangan. Dia mau merebut bola
dari lawannya, saat lawannya
menendang bola dan pasir yang ada
ditempat tersebut ikut tertendang .
Setelah kejadian itu tiba-tiba mata Dodi
berair.

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 Sistem imun apa yang bekerja pada kasus di atas?
A. Fisik
B. Kimia
C. seluler
D. humoral
E. komplemen

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Bagaimana sifat sistem imun diatas :
A. Diperbanyak
B. Mempunyai memori
C. Spesifik
D. Tanggapan pertama tubuh terhadap benda asing
E. Adaptif

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 INNATE IMMUNITY

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