QUANTITATIVE HYDROLOGY

Chapter 3
3.1 Basin Recharge and Runoff
3.2 Hydrograph Analysis

Estimating Volume of Runoff

3.3 Runoff Coefficients
3.4 Infiltration
3.5 Infiltration Indices
3.6 Rainfall-runoff Correlations
3.7 Moisture-accounting
Procedures
3.8 Long-period runoff relations

Runoff from Snow

3.9 Physics of Snowmelt
3.10 Snowmelt Computation
 3.1 BASIN RECHARGE AND RUNOFF
 Basin Recharge
• Interception together with depression
storage and soil moisture

 Direct Runoff
• Overland flow and interflow

 Effluent Streams
• Groundwater

 Influent Streams
• Intermittent streams (can go dry
because of time elapses between rain)
 Overland Nearest
THREE
Rain
Flow Channel

PATHS
Rain Interflow
Nearest
Channel
TO A
STREAM

Groundwater/Soil FOR WATER NOT

Rain Percolation
Moisture
WITHHELD AS BASIN
RECHARGE
 N = Ad0.2
N = Number of
days for recovery
after the peak

Ad = drainage area
in square miles

HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
 ESTIMATING VOLUME OF
Theoretical Formula

R=P–L–G

RUNOFF
Where:
R -Runoff
P - Precipitation
L - Basin Recharge
G - Groundwater Accretion
  In the design of storm drains and water-control projects, runoff volume is
commonly assumed to be a percentage of rainfall

Table 3.1 Values of Runoff Coefficients k R = kP

for various surfaces
Where:
R – Runof
Urban Residential k – runoff coefficient
0.20 P - Precipitation
Simple Houses
Garden Apartments 0.30
Commercial and Industrial 0.90
Parks 0.05-0.30
Asphalt or concrete 0.85-1.0
pavement
Table 1: Runoff Coefficients
Soil Groups A and B are sandier and Soil Groups C and D are
more clayey. These soil classifications would be found in a
county soil survey available at any Soil and Water Conservation
District office or North Carolina Cooperative Extension center.
 Step 1: • In this example we will use a 200 ft2 patio
Assess Site
Conditions

E
• Using the provided table (Table 1), look up the runoff
Step 2:
Obtain
coefficient that most closely resembles your site. In this
case it is 0.98
X
Runoff
Coefficient
• Volume Runoff = Surface Area x Runoff Coefficient x
A
Rainfall Depth
• Volume Runoff = 200ft2 x 0.98 x 0.083ft = 16.3ft3
M
Step 3: Do
the Math •Note: Make sure that “Surface Area” and “Rainfall Depth” are in the same
units. It doesn’t matter what you use, just stay consistent – measurements
P
in feet or meters are generally easiest.
L
Step 4:
Convert if
• Most people have trouble thinking about water volume in
cubic feet so we will convert to gallons multiplying by
E
Necessary 7.48gal/ft3. Volume Runoff = 16.3ft3 x 7.48 gal/ft3 =
121.gallons
INFILTRATION
PPT\Infiltration.ppt
 3.6 Rainfall-Runoff Correlation
Plot of average rainfall versus resulting runoff

PaN = bPaN-1 + PN
PaN – Atecedent-Precipitation Index
at the end of Nth day
PaN-1 – Precipitation index on
previous day
b – ranges from 0.85-0.95

When there is no rain for t days,

PaN-1 = PaNbt
RUNOFF FROM 3.9 Physics of Snowmelt

SNOW
 Factors Affecting Snowmelt

 Solar Radiation
Depends on Reflectivity or
Albedo

 Heat from warm Air

•Turbulence resulting to
speedy wind bringing large
quantities of warm air

Rainfall
 Heat from warm Air

Heat of
Heat of
Condensation
Fusion of Ice
of Water

Therefore,
1073/144=
7.5 units

Thus, in
1 unit of
moisture
on snow,
7.5 of
water
will melt
 Rainfall

Where:

Ms – amount of melt in inches or millimeter

P - Rainfall or precipitation
Tw – Wet-bulb temperature
Degree-day factors

 defined as a departure of 1 degree in mean daily

temperature above 32°F.
Depth of water melted from the snow in inches or
millimeter per degree-day
may be determined by dividing the volume of stream
flow produced by melting snow within a given time
period by the total degree days for the period.
Usually ranging from 0.05-0.15in/degree-F with an
average value of 0.08in/degree-F
Ranges from 2-7mm/degree-C day.

SNOWMELT IN BASINS WITH

LITTLE RANGE IN ELEVATION
The area-elevation distribution in a basin on the board. The
average snow line is at 5000 ft and the temperature index
station is at 6000 ft. Assume a temperature decrease of 3°F per
E
x
1000ft increase in elevation and a degree-day factor of 0.10.
Compute the snowmelt in second-foot days for a day when the
mean daily temperature at the index station is 44°F

Solution: With a temperature of 44°F at 6000 ft the freezing level is at

a
6000 + {[(44-32)/3]*1000} = 10,000 ft m
p
The area between the snowline (5000 ft) and the freezing level is 305
sq.mi. from the figure, the average temperature over this area is:

0.5(47+32) = 39.5°F

And the average degree days above 32°F is

l
39.5 – 32 = 7.5 degree days e
The total melt therefore: 7.5*0.10*305 = 229 sq.mi. inches

26.9*229 = 6150 sfd

Did I make myself clear?
 Maraming Salamat!

Kristian Carlo M. Bola

BS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING VA