WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

VIA
SOLAR POWER SATELLITE

Presented by-
ANUSHKA SINGH
SHRUTI SHARMA
KIRTI AGARWAL
FAIZY ALI KIRMANI
2
Overview

Solar Wireless Components of

History power Power
transmission
Applications Conclusion
satellite transmission
3 Need of renewable sources
We are facing three simultaneous challenges:
• Population growth
• Resource consumption
• Environmental degradation

Thus conversing in the matter of sustainable energy supply and focussing on

deriving energy from renewables.
4 Why solar ???
Solar power is a renewable on which we have our major reliance.
It is a source that is virtually carbon-free and sustainable.
There are two alternatives to utilize solar power:
• Ground based solar power.
• Space based solar power.
5

Others

Electricity generation
Geothermal potential (%billion
kilowatt hour)
Electricity generation
Solar capacity
potential(%Gigawatt)

Wind

0 20 40 60 80 100
6 Comparison between GSP and SSP

• SSP operates 24 hours a day because:

• Not limited by vagaries of day and night cycle.
• Independency from weather conditions.
• Its efficiency is three times that of GSP.
• Space takes up less, well, space.
7 Wireless power transmission
HISTORY

•Nicola Tesla gave the idea of WPT.

•His objective was to develop the technology for transmitting
1899 electricity to anywhere in the world without wires.

•A successful demonstration of a microwave beam-riding

helicopter was performed by U.S. Air Force.
1965
•The idea of Tesla is taken in to research after 100 years by a team
led by Marin Soljačić from MIT. The project is named as
2007 ‘WiTricity’.
8 Introduction to SPS
• Solar power satellite is a gigantic satellite designed as an
electric power plant orbiting the geostationary
orbit(GEO).
• It consists of mainly three segments
• Solar energy collector
• DC to microwave converter
• Large antenna array
9 Classification of WPT
WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION

SHORT LONG MEDIUM

DISTANCE DISTANCE DISTANCE

ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION RADIATION RESONANCE

MICROWAVE LASER
10 LASER v/s MICROWAVES
● When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be much smaller.
● Microwaves can face interference (two frequencies can be used for WPT are 2.45GHz
and 5.4GHz).
● LASER has high attenuation loss and also it gets diffracted by atmospheric particles
easily.
● LASERs are impractical because they’d run into the same problems that solar power
does on Earth: they don't work through clouds
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Transmission
Four basic steps involved in the conversion of solar energy to electricity and delivery
are:

Step 1

Capture solar energy in space and convert it to electricity

Step 2

Transform the electricity to radio frequency energy and transmit it to Earth

Step 3

Receive the radio frequency energy on Earth and convert it back to electricity

Step 4

Provide the electricity to the utility grid

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STEP1: Solar to electrical energy

● Photovoltaic cells are seldom used the conversion of solar energy to

electric energy.
● Photovoltaic cells are of many types which may be:
single crystal silicon, poly crystalline, Gallium arsenide
● Solar thermal turbine can also be used
for power conversion.
13 STEP 2 AND STEP 3:Generation and
Transmission of Microwaves

Primary
components of
MPT

Microwave Transmitting Rectifying antenna

generator antenna (Rectenna)
14 Microwave Power Transmission(MPT)
for SPS
.
Microwave Frequency
● Within the limits of antenna size and atmospheric attenuation microwave
frequency has been taken in the range of 1-6 GHz.
● The microwave transmission often uses 2.45GHz or 5.8GHz of ISM band.
● The highest efficiency over 90% is achieved at 2.45 GHz among all the
frequencies
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Microwave generator

The microwave transmitting devices are classified as:

● Microwave Vacuum Tubes (magnetron, klystron etc )
● Semiconductor Microwave transmitters (GaAs , InGaAS etc):
Typical semiconductor devices are FET (Field Effect Transistor), HBT
(Hetero junction Bipolar Transistor), and HEMT (High Electron Mobility
Transistor).
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CONTINUED….

• The microwave tube is lighter than that of the semiconductor amplifier.

• The microwave tube can generate/amplify higher power microwave than
that by the semiconductor amplifier.
• A light weight phase controlled magnetron called COMET, Compact
Microwave Energy Transmitter with a power-weight ratio below 25g/W
has been invented.
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Performance of SPS Microwave Elements
18
Magnetron

• Originally developed in 1916.

• Magnetron is a crossed field tube in which electron emission take place
because of E X B forces by ‘Thermo Ionic Emission’.
• It is a self-oscillatory device in which the anode contains a resonant RF
structure.
• Cavities resonate.
• Microwaves are emitted.
19
Magnetron construction
20 Comparisons
21
Transmitting Antenna

• Transmitting antenna is a gigantic antenna array.

• To increase the beam collection efficiency an amplitude taper is
introduced in it.
• A typical amplitude taper is called 10 dB Gaussian
• They may be of many types, some are-
• The slotted wave guide antenna,
• Micro strip patch antenna
• Parabolic dish antenna
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Antenna
Parabolic antenna

Phase array antenna

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 The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission

because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power
handling capability.
 Table 1 shows some typical parameters of the transmitting antenna of
the SPS.
24 Table 1
Old JAXA JAXA1 JAXA2 NASA/DOE
Model Model Model Model Model
Frequency 5.8GHz 5.8GHz 5.8GHz 2.45GHz
Diameter of transmitting 2.6km 1km 1.93km 1km
antenna
10dB 10dB 10dB 10dB
Amplitude taper Gaussian Gaussian Gaussian Gaussian
Output power 1.3GW 1.3GW 1.3GW 6.72GW
(beamed to earth)
Maximum power density at 63mW/cm2 420mW/cm 114mW/cm 2.2mW/cm2
center 2 2

Maximum power density at 6.3mW/cm2 42mW/cm2 11.4mW/cm 0.22mW/cm2

edge 2

Antenna spacing 0.75λ 0.75λ 0.75λ 0.75λ

25 Block diagram ..
Old JAXA1 JAXA2 NASA/D
Model JAXAM Model Model OE
odel Model
Power per one antenna Max.0.95 Max 6.1W Max 1.7W Max 185W
(Number of elements) W (540 (1.950 (97 million)
(3.54 million) million)
billion)

Rectenna Diameter 2.0km 3.4km 2.45km 1km

Maximum Power Density 180 26 100 23

Maximum Power Density

Collection Efficiency 96.5% 86% 87% 89%

26
Rectenna
• The word rectenna is derived from two individual words, namely rectifier and
antenna.
• A special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into
DC electricity.
• A simple rectenna element consists of a dipole antenna with a Schottky diode
placed across the dipole elements.
27
Continued….
A typical rectenna has an efficiency of 85%
The efficiency of a rectenna is affected by;
• array connection loss
• change of optimum operation point
• any losses on the systems
28
Typical power density at a rectenna
site
29
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Advantages
• Unlimited energy resource
• delivers energy anywhere in the world
• zero fuel costs
• less CO2 emission
• Solar radiation can be efficiently collected in the space
31
Continued…..
• cost of transmission and distribution become less
• Power theft could not be possible
• Power failure due to short circuit and fault on cables would not be
possible
• Long range environmental impact is minimum
• completely eliminates the existing high-tension power transmission
line cables, towers and sub stations
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Disadvantages

• Launch costs is high

• Requires a network of hundreds of satellites
• Possible health hazards
• The size of antennas and rectennas is quite large
• Interference with communication satellites
• Heat reduction is important problem in space, lost power converts to
heat
33 Applications
Roadway powered electric vehicles for charging
electric batteries.

At high altitude aircraft is used for

communication instead of satellites.

supply terrestrial power demands on a global scale.

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Environmental issues
• Interference to existent wireless system:
Harmonics of the MPT signal should be small to avoid interference to other
radio services in operation.

• Safety on ground:
MPT uses more intense microwaves than that in wireless communication
system hence MPT safety for human is considered. Research results that
microwave effect to human health is only heating problem
35
Continued….
• Interaction with atmosphere:
Absorption and scatter by air, rain and irregularity of air refraction ratio.
Attenuation by rain need to be considered.

• Interaction with space plasmas:

• Microwaves propagates through ionospheric plasmas, interaction occurs.
• Refraction, faraday rotation, scintillation and absorption occurs between
microwave used for satellite communication and the plasma
36
Biological impacts
• Health hazards:
• Effects of long term exposure
• Exposure is equal to the amount that
people receive from cell phones and
microwaves
• Public exposure to WPT fields would
be below existing safety guidelines.
37 Conclusion

The concept of There will be a SSP may seem

WPT offers shift towards futuristic at present, it
possibilities of renewable is technological
transmitting sources and feasible and, given
power with solar will be a appropriate
negligible losses major conditions, can
and ease of become economically
contributor.
transmission. viable.
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References
• P.E. Glaser, ‘’Method and Apparatus for Converting Solar radiation to Electrical Power’’, U.S.
Patent 3 781 647, 1973.
• P. E. Glaser, "An overview of the solar power satellite option," IEEE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1230-1238, June 1992.
• International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 ISSN
2229-5518
• James O. McSpadden, ‘Space Solar Power Programs and Microwave Wireless Power
Transmission Technology’’, ISSN 1527-3342, Dec 2002 IEEE
• Susumu Sasaki, ‘’Microwave Power Transmission Technologies for Solar Power Satellites’’,
proceedings of THE IEEE/ vol. 101, no.6, June 2013
• Hiroshi Matsumoto, ‘’ Satellites and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan’’, H.Matsumoto is
with Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan.
THANK YOU
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