Resusitasi Cairan
Bambang Suryono S
Cairan tubuh
• Cairan Tubuh Total : laki-laki 60% BB
• perempuan 40% BB
• Cairan tubuh:
• intraseluler 40% BB
• ekstraseluler 20% BB
• interstitial 15% BB
• intravaskuler 5% BB
.
Assessment of i.v volume
• Anamnesis:
• Masukan cairan sedikit
• Gangguan kesadaran
• Muntaber
• Polyuria
• Perdarahan
Pemeriksaan fisik
Keadaan umum
• Gangguan status mental
• Vital sign
• Oliguria/anuria
• Turgor kulit/mukosa kering
• JVP rendah
• Jantung (takhikardi, murmurs)
• Pemeriksaan paru (rhonchi, effusi)
• Perfusi perifer (capillary refill, pulsus perifer)
• Edema perifer
• Tanda perdarahan
Laboratorium
• Hb/Hct -turun
• naik
• BUN/creatinin
Pemeriksaan
• CVP
• PAC
• Pengukuran dinamis pada pasien ventilasi
mekanik
• pulse pressure
• tekanan sistolik
Problem Cairan
• Perlukah terapi cairan?
• Kapan diberikan infus?
• Tujuan infus?
• Lewat mana pemberian cairan?
• Macam cairan infus?
• Berapa banyak?
• Sampai kapan?
Perlukah terapi cairan?
Indikasi terapi cairan
• Koreksi defisit cairan : dehidrasi,
hipovolemia (dengan/tanpa shock)
perdarahan, luka bakar RESUSITASI
CAIRAN
• Mempertahankan volume dan komposisi
cairan tubuh
• Memberikan nutrisi
• Koreksi elektrolit
Kapan diberikan infus?
Kapan infus dipasang?
• Sudah terjadi defisit cairan : pasien
dehidrasi atau hipovolemia
• Sebelum terjadi defisit cairan untuk
memudahkan koreksi atau
mempertahankan cairan tubuh
• Pada saat terjadi hilangnya cairan :
muntaber, perdarahan yang ada
kemungkinan ada defisit sehingga perlu
koreksi
Apa tujuan infus?
Tujuan infus
• 1. Vena terbuka :-pengobatan medikamentosa
• -persiapan emergensi
• 2.Mempertahankan volume cairan tubuh
• -pada pasien puasa
• 3.Resusitasi cairan :-hipovolemia -absolut
• -relatif
• -dehidrasi
• 4.Nutrisi parenteral : pasien tidak dapat, tidak
• boleh atau tidak mau makan
Bagaimana rute pemberian infus?
Rute pemberian cairan
• Prioritas : enteral - oral, pipa lambung,
• naso-duodenal,
• naso-jejunal,
• gastrostomi
• Alternatif : parenteral : i.v. – perifer
• -sentral
• intraosseal
Macam cairan infus?
Macam cairan infus
• 1.Larutan dextrose/glukose/fruktose
• 2.Kristaloid : cairan resusitasi (Ringer laktat,
• Ringer asetat)
• Cairan rumatan:
• Kaen 3A, Kaen 3B, Kaen MG3
• Tutofusin OPS
• 3.Koloid : Dextran 40 ,70, Gelatin, Hydroxy –
• ethyl-starch, darah buatan
• Berat Atom/Berat Molekul
• Na 23 Cl 35.5 Ca 40
• Albumin 60.000 HAES 150-200.000
• Dextran 40: 40.000 Dextran 60: 60.000
Macam cairan infus
• 4.Nutrisi parenteral : karbohidrat,
• protein/asam amino
• lipid,
• kombinasi
• Triofusin, Triofusin E-1000, Aminofusin,
• Aminoleban, Lipovenous
• 5.Produk darah : albumin, FFP, SPPS, cryopre-
• cipitate
Berapa banyak?
Berapa banyak?
• KOREKSI:
• Dehidrasi rehidrasi (lihat tanda vital T,N,
pengisian kapiler dan produksi urine)
teruskan dengan pemeliharaan
• Shock perdarahan : 3-4 kali darah yang
hilang dengan RL/RA, bila 3-4 liter tidak
terkoreksi beri darah/koloid
• Pada hipovolemia tanda vital baik dan
CVP normal
Berapa banyak?
• PEMELIHARAAN :
• 1. Bayi minggu I
• Hari 1 2,3 4,5 6 7
• ml/Kg/hari 0 50 75 100 120
• 2. Bayi dan Anak
• Berat Kebutuhan cairan (ml/Kg/hari)
• s/d 10 kg 100
• 10-20 kg 1000 + 50 x {BB(kg) -10}
• 20-30 kg 1500 + 25 x {BB(kg) -20}
Berapa banyak?
• Pemeliharaan :
• 3. Anak dan Dewasa
Replace Normal
increases ICF > ECF loss (IWL + urine)
ICF
ICF ISF
ISF Plasma
Plasma
660
660 ml
ml 255
255 ml
ml 85
85 ml
ml
Cairan
Infus Isotonic
• Ringer’s acetate
• Ringer’s lactate
• Normal saline
Replace acute/
increases ECF abnormal
loss
RL 2liter/15 menit
ICF
ICF ISF
ISF Plasma
Plasma
800 ml 200 ml
Perdarahan
• Internal bleeding
• External bleeding
SHOCK
• Inadequate tissue perfusion along with
cellular hypoxia and oxygen debt, which
results in cellular dysfunction and is caused
by inadequate systemic oxygen delivery or
impairment of cellular oxygen uptake.
EVALUATION OF SYMPTOMS
• HISTORY
• In hypovolemic shock : blood loss, trauma,
fluid losses, dehydration, third spacing or
other fluid losses.
History
• In adult drop Systolic BP > 40 mmHg
significant hypotension
General Symptoms of Shock
• CNS changes
• *Confusion, coma, combative behavior,
• agitation, stupor
• Skin changes
• *Cool, clammy, warm, diaphoresis
• Cardiovascular
• *Increase or decrease heart rate,
• arrhythmia, angina, low high or normal
• cardiac output, changes in pulmonary pressure
General symptoms of shock
• Pulmonary
• *Increased RR, increase or decrease in
• end- tidal CO2, decrease O2 saturation,
• increased pulmonary pressures,
• respiratory failure, decreased tidal volume,
• decreased FRC
• RENAL
• *Decreased urine output, elevation in BUN and
creatinine levels, change in urine electrolyte levels
Common effects of shock on organs
• Systemic : Capillary leak, formation of micro
• vascular shunts, cytokine release
• Cardiovascular : circulatory failure,
• depression of cardiovascular function
• , arrhythmia
• Haematologic : bone marrow suppression,
• coagulopathy, DIC, platelet
• dysfunction
.
• Hepatic : liver insufficiency, elevation of
• liver enzyme levels, coagulopathy
• Neuroendocrine : change in mental status,
• adrenal suppression, insulin
• resistance, thyroid dysfunction
• Renal : renal insufficiency, change in urine
• electrolyte levels, elevation of BUN
• and creatinine levels
• Cellular : cell-to-cell dehiscence, cellular
• swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction,
• cellular leak
Hypovolemic shock
• Cause : depletion of fluid in the intravascular
space (hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea,
dehydration, capillary leak or a combination)
• SIRS capillary leak
• Findings : decreased CO, decreased PCWP,
increase SVR
• Echo : decreased right-sided filling,
decreased stroke volume, increase aortic
diameter
.
Perdarahan
• Kehilangan akut darah dari sistim sirkulasi
• Volume darah normal :
• * Dewasa : 7% BB ideal
• *Anak : 8-9% BB ideal
Perdarahan
• Mulai segera resusitasi cairan agressif:
• Rule 3:1 untuk perdarahan akut
• Pengobatan disesuaikan dengan respon
pasien pada terapi awal
Tanda perdarahan
• Klas I (BB 70 Kg)
• -----------------------------------------------------------
• Perdarahan ml sampai 750
• Perdarahan (%BV) sampai 15%
• Nadi < 100
• Tensi Normal
• Tek Nadi (mmHg) Normal atau naik
• Nafas 14 - 20
• Urine ml/jam > 30
• SSP/status mental sedikit Cemas
• Penggantian cairan Kristaloid
• (hukum 3:1)
Tanda perdarahan
• Klas II
• -----------------------------------------------------------
• Perdarahan ml 750-1500
• Perdarahan (%BV) 15-30%
• Nadi >100
• Tensi Normal
• Tek Nadi (mmHg) Turun
• Nafas 20-30
• Urine ml/jam 20-30
• SSP/status mental Cemas sedang
• Penggantian cairan Kristaloid
• (hukum 3:1)
Tanda perdarahan
• Klas III
• -----------------------------------------------------------
• Perdarahan ml 1500-2000
• Perdarahan (%BV) 30-40%
• Nadi > 120
• Tensi Turun
• Tek Nadi (mmHg) Turun
• Nafas 30-40
• Urine ml/jam 5-15
• SSP/status mental Cemas gelisah
• Penggantian cairan Kristaloid & darah
• (hukum 3:1)
Tanda perdarahan
• Klas IV
• -----------------------------------------------------------
• Perdarahan ml >2000
• Perdarahan (%BV) >40%
• Nadi >140
• Tensi turun
• Tek Nadi (mmHg) turun
• Nafas >35
• Urine ml/jam tak ada
• SSP/status mental gelisah/letargi
• Penggantian cairan kristaloid & darah
• (hukum 3:1)
Perdarahan bermakna
• .
Keputusan Pengobatan
• Respon pasien pada resusitasi cairan merupakan
penentu terapi berikutnya
• INGAT
• Bedakan antara “hemodinamik stabil” dan
“hemodinamik normal”
Keputusan Terapi
• Respon cepat
• *< 20% perdarahan
• *Stabil : respon pada penggantian cairan
• *Lanjutkan monitor
• *Evaluasi dan konsultasi bedah
Keputusan Terapi
• 20-40% perdarahan
• Tidak stabil : memburuk setelah terapi cairan
awal
• Lanjutkan cairan dan darah
• Evaluasi dan konsultasi bedah
• Perdarahan berlanjut : operasi
Keputusan terapi
• Tak ada respon (minimal)
• > 40% perdarahan
• Tak ada respon pada terapi cairan
• Singkirkan kemungkinan shock nonhemorrhagik
• Operasi segera
Diagnosis & pengobatan
• Pitfalls
• *Tensi tidak sama dengan cardiac output
• *Umur
• *Atlit
• *Hipotermi
• *Pengobatan
• *Pacu-jantung
Differential Diagnosis
• Distributive shock
• Hypovolemic shock
• Obstructive shock
• Cardiogenic shock
DD
• Hypovolemic shock
• Dehydration (low fluid intake, diarrhea, bowel
obstruction, sweating or diabetes insipidus)
• Diuresis (diuretics, hyperglycemia)
• Capillary leak and third spacing (burns, sepsis,
pancreatitis, surgical stress)
• Hemorrhage (trauma , GIT bleeding, fractures,
vascular injuries, ectopic pregnancy, etc)
• Anemia
Management and Therapy
• The basic goal of shock therapy is the restoration
of effective perfusion to vital organs and tissue
before the onset of cellular injury.
• Basic resuscitation :
• 1.Rapid placement of a large- bore i.v line or a
high-flow central line as a route for fluid
resuscitation
• 2. Secure the airway and on mechanical ventilation
if necessary
• high-flow oxygenation oxygen saturation >
92%.
• Put 3.Foley catheter
General goals for support of shock patients
• Hemodynamic support
• MAP > 60-65 mmHg
• PCWP= 15-18 mmHg
• Cardiac index > 2.1 L/min per m2 of body surface
area for cardiogenic and obstructive shock
• Cardiac index > 4.0 L/min per m2 body surface
area for septic, traumatic, or hemorrhagic shock
General goals
• Optimization of oxygen delivery
Hb level > 10 g/dl
Arterial oxygen saturation > 92%