Scientific paper

sri winarsih - fmub

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• Scientific paper in this manner means
paper which is composed something to do
research or from research result

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What is research?

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 A scientific method to get answer of
What is
research? the question / problem
Triggered by a certain problem
Characterized by:
- systematic, criticism, scientific and formal
For developing or testing of knowledge validity
The repeated search to something “unknown”

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RESEARCH AND SCIENCE

SCIENCE represent a philosophy, while

RESEARCH represent an action to develop science

• Research aimed to develop science by

obtaining knowledge and also new facts, so that
can be compiled a new theory, concept, law, or
method

Obtain through Scientific Method

(problem solving approach)
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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD

“DEDUCTO – HIPOTETICO - VERIFIKATIF”

DEDUCTION HYPOTHESIS VERIFICATION INDUCTION

Spiral process of deduction - verification – induction

Combination of deductive and inductive thinking

linked by examination process (proving)
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 PROBLEM SOLVING CYCLE

PROBLEM
PATIENT’S
FORMULATION
PROBLEM
ALTERNATIVE
ALTERNATIVE PHYSICAL
DATA / INFO.
SOLUTION
THERAPY COLLECTION
EXAMINATION

TEMPORARY
HYPOTHESIS
CONCLUSION DIAGNOSIS
FORMULATION

HYPOTHESIS
FURTHER
TESTING
EXAMINATION
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 Many ways to answer the “unknown”

Unscientific : without the standart parameter measured

Scientific : using standart parameter  can be
repeated by anyone, anytime and anywhere

Rainbow :
Tiger is delivering baby? Unscientific
The shawl of angel?

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(Sardjono TW,2006)
 Basic steps in scientific approach
Calder (1955): 3 basic steps
1. Observing
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Testing the hypothesis

Christensen (1977) : 5 basic steps

1. Identification of problem & formulating
hypothesis
2. Designing experiment model
3. Performing experiment
4. Testing / proving hypothesis
5. Communicating/publishing result 9
 SCIENTIFIC PAPER FORM:

1. PROPOSAL
2. FINAL ASSIGNMENT/thesis/dissertation
3. ARTICLE for publication

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 RESEARCH STEPS

Consists of 5 stages:
1. Research Planning
2. Data Collection
3. Data Editing & Data Analysis
4. Research Report
5. Publication

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 RESEARCH PLANNING

Problem selection until instrument compilation

- Formulated as a RESEARCH PROPOSAL

1. Problem solving for a certain program

2. For science /scientific work interest
(final assignment, thesis, dissertation)

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 Research Proposal

Is a basic manual or guidance to do research

Research without proper proposal  is not real
research  “unscientific”
Research proposal is an extremely important
document
It should be served as a hard copy from which
you begin to do your research

(Hubbard 1973)
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 PROPOSAL OUT LINE

1. RESEARCH TITLE
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Background (identifying problem, scope of
research)
2.2 Problem Formulation
2.3 Objective:
2.3.1 General Purpose
2.3.2 Specific Purpose
2.4 Advantage (Academic and Practice)
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
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 Cont’
5. RESEARCH METHOD
5.1 Research Type/Design
5.2 Population and Sample
5.3 Venue
5.4 Variables
5.5 Operational Definition
5.6 Data Collection Method / Research Procedure
5.7 Instrument (data collection tool)
5.8 Process Plan and Data Analysis
6. ACTIVITY SCHEDULE
7. RESEARCH ORGANIZATION
8. BUDGET PLAN
9. REFERENCES
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 RESEARCH TITLE

- representing hypothesis verification

- representing research objective
- reflecting research problem

► short sentence ( ± 15 words)

► if long sentence is necessary, sub title
can be made
► abbreviation is not be allowed

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 BACKGROUND

Explaining about:
- Why the tittle is choosen?
- What is the justification?
problem solving alternative?
- Why the venue was choosen
(when a certain venue is mentioned in the title)

► As a paragraph form and the reference must be written

► Not too long (1-3 pages)
► Showing the importance of the research will be done
(clarification detail is written in the Literature Review)
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 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Problem : - a gap between hope (das Sollen)

and reality (das Sein)

F I N E R
Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethic
Relevant
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ANY QUESTIONS arise in our thought, when we use our
sense to: think, observe, analize, hear, taste, touch, knock
something in our environment
Arise due to a gaps between :
“What it be” and “what should be”
“What needed” and “what available”
“What desired” and “reality”

It’s A CRITICAL THINKING owned by any SCIENTIST!

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 Choosing and Formulating Research Problem

Any problem which is still un-answered can be the

important research problem, but it should can add
scientific view, knowledge and understanding,
even only a little.
Three reasons why research is needed:
There is no information about all or a part of important
aspects in a certain subject
There is an information, but still incomplete, so that a
further research or study is needed to complete it
There is an information already complete, but the
information is still not explain toward problem basically
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Problem Form
 question sentences
what? why? how? more specific and sharp
 can be made a sub-problem

Problem Sources
• Literature
• Discussion, seminar, workshop etc.
• Dailiy experience
• Expert opinion that still in doubt
• Non scientific source: newspaper, tv etc.
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 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

- indicates the direction of data (information)

which will be searched
- formulated in observable and measurable
statement
- synchrone with the problem
General Objective (ultimate goal)
involving wider aspect (about a longterm objective)
through the research
Specific Objective
something that directly will be measured, assessed
or gained from the research
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 RESEARCH ADVANTAGE

- benefits of the research:

 to develope science (Academic)
 according to program development or
profession/practicioner (Practice)
- it differs with general objective
- mention about “....... as a private experience”

is not necessary

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
- Explanation about theoritical aspect that is providing
the research
- Sub-chapter in the literature study is keywords of
the background/research title
not necessarily to talk about something that
unrelated with the problem / research objective

- Don’t forget to write down the author name of the

reference citated (at the end of the sentence/ paragraph)
- Citation without pharaphrasing  plagiarism
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CITATION

1. By name (Havard Style)

mentioning the name of author (s) after the sentence
or idea written --> easy to identify the name and year
of publication (recent or not). More practice and easy
for researcher to add more literatures.
In manuscript --> only the first author is written
e.g. Diet therapy in diabetes is very important
(Reaven, 2007; Reinhard, 2010; Stites and Cubes,
2011 )

RECOMMENDED FOR WRITING MANUSCRIPT 26

2. By number (Vancouver style)
numbering after the sentence or idea written, according to
the sequence of appearance on the text. More short and
seemed clear, but readers can not directly identify the
source, name of author and year of publication --> more
frequent used in scientific journals
e.g. Diet therapy in diabetes is very important. 1,2,3

RECOMMENDED FOR WRITING PUBLICATION

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 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

 conceptual framework is needed to compose hypothesis

 based on literature review (theoritical aspects)
 in framework (scheme) format
 not a pathway or research procedure
 consists of a relation or conjunction between concept
(keyword) to other concept (keyword)

Concept: an abstraction of a certain comprehension which

is formulated in generalize

not measurable
(to be able to measure derive into variable)
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 Education Behaviour

Physical quality Clean water Diarrheae

of apparatus Quality incidence

Economics status Social status

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Salam leaves C.albicans

component
ingredients
interfere
Alkaloid Cell membrane

Flavonoid Nucleus

Glycoside Ribosome

Salam leaves inhibits C.albicans growth

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 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

• broken down from the conceptual framework

--> different with statistical hypothesis (H0 & H1)
• temporary answer of the problem / sub-problem
• should shows the parameter will be measured

MFUB setting : in CHAPTER 3

(for other proposal --> in Introduction Chapter)
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Hypothesis (theoretical meaning)

1. Incomplete / hasn’t established statement (hypo);

in term of the “truth” --> so, must be tested
2. The most probably answer / explanation of research
problem
3. Theoretical conclusion derived from literature study.
4. It’s a “intellectual prediction” --> is needed for
experimental & observational analytic research

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 Hypothesis (technical meaning)

Statements about parameters / variables will be

tested its validity empirically using collected
sample
 may be: correlational study
comparative study

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 RESEARCH METHOD

• is a planning of research execution

• depends on the objective
• needed a comprehension of many kind of
technical method choose the posible one
(availability, finance, time)

Important - sample size

- operational definition. feasibility
- variable (dependent & independent)
- parameter observed
- data analysis, includes:
plan of data table, kind of analysis, Ho & H1,
significance level
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C.albicans Colony Number After Treated
by Various Concentration of Salam Leaves

Conc. Control Conc. Conc. Conc. Conc.

n 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

1
2
3
4
Mean
±SD

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Analysis Method

• based on the objectives

• is it correlation study or comparative study?
• type of data?

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 ETHICAL ASPECT

- observation (human)
- experimental (human and animal)

Requirements:
● Ethical Clearance
- must be signed by the researcher and supervisors
- approved by ethics team leader
● Explanation from the researcher to research subject
signed by the researcher & research supervisors
● Informed Consent (Approval after Explanation)
signed by the subject research /patient/ respondent
& 3 witnesses
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 RESEARCH REPORT

depends to whom is addressed!

 for sponsor: usually in a certain format

 for public: use popular language
 for scientific works (Final Assignment, Thesis,
Dissertation)
depends on standard form of the institution

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 SCIENTIFIC REPORT FORMAT
I. FIRST PART:
○ Title page
○ Approval page
○ Preface
○ Acknowledgement
○ List of content/Tables/PicturesAbreviation
○ Abstract
II. CONTENTS (= PROPOSAL), added by:
 RESEARCH RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
III. FINAL PART
- REFERENCES
- APPENDICES
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ABSTRACT

 consists of 200-250 words

 components: I M R A D/C
Introduction
Methods (past tense)
Results (past tense) And
Discussion/Conclusion (present tense )

Abstract is written in single paragraph:

• reason of the research done (background)/objective
• what have been done (method)
• research results
• conclusion
• keywords (not more than 6 words) --> italic (MFUB) 41
SUMMARY

- Components = IMRAD/C
- Discussion is longer than Abstract
- About 2-3 pages

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 REFERENCES

- Write down all of the writer’s name

(e.g : 8 names  write the 6 names, and the 7th name
or more is written as et al.)

- 2 ways to compose the references:

1. Havard method
- Listing in alphabetic sequence
2. Vancouver method
- Listing in numeric sequence

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Reference from Textbook

Chapel H. and Haeney M. Essential of Clinical Immunology, 3rd Ed,

Blackwell Scientific Publication, Cambridge, 1993. p.261-264.

Tjokroprawiro A. Aspek Klinik Angiopati Diabetik (Pengetahuan

Dasar dan Sindroma-20), Naskah Lengkap Simposium Concensus
View & Penatalaksanaan DM, Malang, 1994a. hal. 55-87.

Tjokroprawiro A. Diabetes Mellitus, Klasifikasi, Diagnosis, dan Dasar

Terapi, Edisi Kedua, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta,
1994b.hal.8-9.

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Reference from Journal/ Bulletin

Scott P, Kaufmann HL. The Role of T Cell Subsets and Cytokines in

The Regulation of Infection. Immunology Today, 1991; 12 (10):
346-348.

Prijanto M., Pangastuti R, Parwati D, Siburian F, dan Suprijanto. Efektivitas

Imunisasi Toksoid Serap Difteri dan Tetanus. Buletin Penelitian
Kesehatan, 1991, 19 (3): 38-50

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 PUBLICATION TEMPLATE
○ TITLE& AUTHOR/s
Authors: full name without academic title (e.g. Sri
Winarsih, Sanarto Santoso), but mention the institution
○ ABSTRACT
○ INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
○ METHODS
○ RESULTS
○ DISCUSSION
○ CONCLUSION (suggestion can be proposed)
○ Acknowledgement (if any)
○ REFERENCES (Vancouver system is recommended)
- Page limitation: usually 12-15 pages
- Recommended to refer to the JOURNAL / MAGAZINE
(see instruction for author or the journal template) 47
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