DRUG EFFECT

3 STEPS:

1. PHARMACEUTICAL

DOSE Breaking DRUG available

DOSAGE FORM Dissolution
To be absorbed
(bioavailability)
2. PHARMACOKINETICS
Absorption
Distribution DRUG available
Metabolism to be excreted
Excretion

3. PHARMACODYNAMICS
Interaction:
drug - receptor EFFECT
C2 MTC

Cm

D MEC
C1

A-B Abs. Process

P-Q Duration of action
Cm Max. conc.
MEC Min. Effective conc.
MTC Min. toxic conc.
AD Initial action

A P B Q
Time
FACTORS THAT AFFECTED BOAVAILABILITY

1. PATIENT CONDITION
Age, sex, pregnancy
Food, diet etc

2. PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Drug particle size, salt, ester
Vehicle
Drug dosage form, formula

PER ORAL:
Solution > suspension > capsule > tablet > coated tablet
 AMINOPHYLLINE

i.v
Concentration

1.50 enema

1.25 tablet

Suppository
1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time
Incompatibility

Caused by:
1. Two or more drugs given at the same time
2. Drug – food absorption

 Therapeutic incompatibility
 Pharmaceutical incompatibility
- Physical
- Chemical
THERAPEUTIC INCOMPATIBILITY

Response to one or more drugs in the patients is different or intensify

than that intended by the prescribers.
Resulted from:
Errors in writing prescription
Errors in interpreting prescription orders

e.g.
Over dosage
Contraindicated drugs,
Synergistic effects
Antagonistic effects
Other drug interactions related to pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic interactions
Pharmacist has to consult/give suggestion to the prescriber
PHARMACEUTICAL INCOMPATIILITY

The arising problems during the compounding, dispensing or

administration of drugs can cause therapeutic incompatibility

PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY:
 Insolubility
 Liquefaction
 Physical complexion

CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY:
 Oxidation – reduction
 Acid base
 Hydrolysis
 Combination reaction
FORMULAS IN THE PRESCRIPTION
BENEFIT
F.MAGISTRALIS
-dose/drug can be determined
suitable with patient
- Drug in raw material
not costly
F.SPECIALITIES
- Already available faster
-Available in varied dosage
forms
F.OFFICINALIS
-Single/composed drug:
effective, combined
ideally
RISK
-Not all drugs available in raw
material, if available in trade name
costly
-Not all dosage form can be
composed in pharmacy
-Relatively costly
-Possibly 1/more drugs in the formula
are not needed by the patient
redundant
- Not Developed
- only available in old books
published many years ago
- Old fashioned
 WRITING PRESCRIPTION
M.D. FORMULA FORMULA FORMULA
must mag. spec. off.

Drug properties Content, Content,

understand
pharmacology, comp., conc., comp., conc.,
physical, chemical dosage dosage

know incompatibility incompatibility Official books

be capable Therapeutic dose, Therapeutic dose, Therapeutic dose,

to dosage form, how dosage form, how dosage form, how
determine & time to adm. & time to adm & time to adm
write Lege artis (l.a) Trade name !!! write the name
prescription suitable with of off.formula
dosage form
 DRUG FUNCTIONS

1. REMEDIA CARDINALE = core drug

Function: to cure diseases

2. REMEDIA ADJUVANTIA
Function: symptomatic

3. REMEDIA CORRIGENTIA
 R. Corr. Actionis = improving drug action
 R. Corr. Saporis = making more palatable
 R. Corr. Odoris = covering drug smell
 R. Corr. Coloris = improving drug colour

4. REMEDIA CONSTITUENT
Function: vehicle, filler