EFEK RADIASI TERHADAP SISTEM

BIOLOGI

Jakarta, 24 – 26 Oktober 2017

 RISIKO RADIASI

What are the potential consequences of

radiation exposure ?

It depends on the dose level.

There are two types of somatic radiation effects:
• Deterministic
• Stochastic

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 First case of
radiation-
First case of X-
induced human Who discovered
ray induced
injury was X rays and
cancer was
reported in the when?
reported in 1902
literature in
1896
 RISIKO RADIASI

RADIATION EXPOSURE

Acute Exposure Chronic Exposure

Early Effects Late Effects

Hereditary
Effects* Cancer
Radiation Cataracts
Erythema Sterility
Sickness

* Never observed in humans

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2018
 RISIKO RADIASI

The Process of Indirect Damage to Cells

Ionizing radiation interacts with water

molecules in the cell

Ionization of water molecules

Chemically reactive free radicals

produced

Free radicals cause damage to

Free radicals break chemical Free radicals cause membranes
bonds in DNA damage to enzymes

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2018
 Proses Kerusakan Sel Biologi Akibat
Radiasi Nuklir
Ionizing Radiation

Human Cells

Atoms in Cells Form Ions

No Change in Cell Change in Cell Cell Dies

Reproduces Replaced

Malignant Growth Benign Growth Not Replaced

 INTERAKSI RADIASI?

Interaksi
radiasi
* Langsung
* Tdk langsung

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 Radiation Damage to
Chromosomes
• Indirect damage
– Water molecule is ionized, breaks apart,
and forms OH free radical.
– OH free radical contains an unpaired
electron in the outer shell and is highly
reactive: Reacts with DNA.
– 75 percent of radiation-caused DNA
damage is due to OH free radical.

• Direct damage
– DNA molecule is struck by radiation,
ionized, resulting in damage.
 RISIKO RADIASI

Ada tiga kemungkinan kerusakan pada sel:

1. Sel mati;
2. Sel berubah yang menyebabkan pembelahan secara
tidak normal; atau
3. Terjadi perubahan genetik.

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2018
 RISIKO RADIASI

DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS:-

•- result from high radiation doses.

• have a threshold dose
before any effect appears
• the injury increases in
severity as dose
increases
Effects include cataracts,
reddening of the skin, burns,
hair loss, blood changes,
temporary or permanent
sterility, nausea, diarrhoea,
CNS
11 damage, deathPETUGAS PROTEKSI RADIASI
April 2018 10
 Deterministic Effects
Hair

Epilation, or loss of hair,

results from exposure of
the skin to 2.0-6.0 Gy. A
latent period of about 3
weeks ensues before the
hair is lost.
For permanent epilation,
The hair usually grows
considerably higher
back in a few weeks.
doses are required.
 RISIKO RADIASI

a. EFEK DETERMINISTIK
Dosis Organ Jenis Efek
Radiasi Kritis
(mSv)
3 500 Testes Permanent sterility
3 500 Eye Later cataract formation
3 000 Ovaries Sterility
2 500+ Skin Skin reddening (erythema) and
possible permanent hair loss
500 Bone Reduced blood cell formation
marrow
150+ Testes Temporary sterility
60 Foetus Probable minimum dose causing
effect (possible malformation)
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 RISIKO RADIASI
Deterministic Health Effects (Cont’d)
• Below dose thresholds - no
effect
• Above threshold the severity
depends on level of radiation
dose

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 RISIKO RADIASI

Industrial Radiography Accidents (cont)

Severe injuries to a non-radiation
worker resulting from the radiography Day 15

worker failing to use a survey meter

to confirm the source had been
returned to the shielded container.

• 185 GBq 192Ir in shirt pocket for

90 minutes
• estimated skin dose of 30 Gy;
whole body as 2-5 Gy

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 RISIKO RADIASI
Mean Lethal Dose (LD)

 Dosis radiasi akut yang menyebabkan kematian pada

suatu populasi dalam rentang waktu tertentu

LD 50/60 : kematian 50% populasi dalam 60 hari

: 3,5 Gy

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2018
 RISIKO RADIASI

STOCHASTIC EFFECTS:-

•- have no known threshold.

• a long latent period

• the risk of the effect
appearing increases
with radiation dose
Cancer is the stochastic
effect of greatest concern
to public health authorities

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 RISIKO RADIASI

Probability of
Occurrence

Dose

Figure 9
Stochastic Dose Response Curve

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 RISIKO RADIASI
The higher the value of the weighting factor, the greater is the
probability of serious stochastic effects
Tissue or Organ Weighting Factor
wT

Gonads 0.20
Red bone marrow 0.12
Colon 0.12
Lung 0.12
Stomach 0.12
Bladder 0.05
Breast 0.05
Liver 0.05
Oesophagus 0.05
Thyroid 0.05
Skin 0.01
Bone surface 0.01

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0.05 RADIASI 18
 RISIKO RADIASI

b. EFEK STOKASTIK

RISIKO KANKER

Koefisien peluang pada pekerja radiasi: 4 x 10-2 /Sv

Bagaimana dg NBD=20 mSv???

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 ICRP-60
PADA ORANG DEWASA SEHAT : LD 50/60 ( DOSIS RADIASI YANG
MENYEBABKAN KEMATIAN PADA 50% POPULASI YANG TERPAPAR RADIASI
SELURUH TUBUH DALAM WAKTU 60 HARI ) BERKISAR 2,5 – 5 Gy

BILA DENGAN PERAWATAN MEDIS, MAKA LD 50/60 : 4 – 5 Gy

< 1 Gy DIHARAPKAN TIDAK AKAN MENGALAMI KEMATIAN

SETELAH TERPAPAR SELURUH TUBUH,
JIKA YBS TDK DLM KONDISI SAKIT

10 Gy – KEMATIAN AKAN TERJADI

WALAUPUN TELAH ADA USAHA
TRANSPLANTASI SUMSUM TULANG

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RADIASI
 Mean Lethal Dose (LD)

 Dosis radiasi akut yang menyebabkan kematian pada

suatu populasi dalam rentang waktu tertentu
LD 50/60 : kematian 50% populasi dalam 60 hari
: 2,5 - 5 Gy

RISIKO KANKER

Koefisien peluang pada pekerja radiasi:4 x 10-2 /Sv

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2018
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION

Health consequences of
Chernobyl accident
( Mei 1986)

1800 children diagnosed

with thyroid cancer (1998)

22
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RADIASI
 Consequences of Accidents

• Severe deterministic effects

 death, loss of limbs, erythema

• Increased stochastic risk

 fatal cancer
• Environmental contamination
• Social & economic consequences

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 Mengapa diperlukan PPR?

Siapakah PPR itu?

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 AZAS JUSTIFIKASI

Risk

Benefit

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 WORKING SAFELY WITH RADIOACTIVITY

 Understand the nature of the hazard and get practical training

 Plan ahead to minimise handling time
 Distance yourself appropriately from sources of radiation
 Use appropriate shielding
 Contain radioactive materials in a defined work area
 Wear appropriate protective clothing and dosimeters
 Monitor the work area frequently
 Follow the local rules and safe ways of working
 Minimise accumulation of waste and dispose of it correctly
 After completion of work monitor yourself and work area

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Terima Kasih

a.sanyoto@bapeten.go.id
aris_sanyoto@yahoo.com