Contents
EDGE E-EDGE
IS95
CDMA
2000
CDMA 2000
1X-ED-DO
EV-DO
Rev. A
EV-DO
Rev. B
X UMB
LTE bands
Internal Only▲
SAE Rel 8 approved SAE Rel 8 frozen SAE Rel 8 advance and
evolution
LTE Rel 8 approved LTE Rel 8 frozen, commercial LTERel 8 advance and
version published evolution
GSM
UMTS
CDMA
CDMA/GSM/UMTS
Contents
S1
S1
schedule, RRM
S1
S1
Lower radio network delay: eNB
X2
eNB
E-UTRAN
X2
X2
control signaling delay < 100ms
eNB
eNBs communicate with each
other through X2 interface to
optimize radio resource Uu
management
Internal Only▲
SAE architecture--EPC
EPC Evolved Packet Core network
UTRAN MME Mobility Management Entity
HSS Home Subscriber Server
SGSN
PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
GERAN HSS
S3
PDN Packet Data Network
S1 - MME S6a
MME
PCRF
S12
Rx+
S11 S7
S4
" LTE - Uu " S10
allIP
flat network architecture
media plane separated from control plane
inter-connect with traditional network
Internal Only▲
UE
categ Maximum number of DL- Maximum number of Maximum number of
ory SCH transport block bits supported layers for UL-SCH transport block 64QAM
received within TTI spatial multiplexing in DL bits received within TTI in UL
1 10296 1 5160 NO
2 51024 2 25456 NO
3 102048 2 51024 NO
4 150752 2 51024 NO
5 302752 4 75376 YES
TA List2
MME
TA List1 TA 2
TA 4
TA 3 TA 5
TA 1
The Tracking Area Identity is constructed from the MCC (Mobile Country
Code), MNC (Mobile Network Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code).
Idea of TA List
All the tracking areas in a Tracking Area List to which a UE is registered are served by the same
serving MME.
The MME may initiate the GUTI Reallocation procedure to reallocate TAI list at any time when a
signaling association is established between UE and MME.
The TAI list may also be reallocated by the Attach or the Tracking Area Update procedures
The UE doesn’t need trigger TA update procedure when the UE moves in the same TA List.
Internal Only▲
eNodeB Function
Selection MME
Routing
MME Function
NAS signalling
AS Security control
MME Roaming
Authentication
Internal Only▲
SGW Function
Mobility anchoring
Lawful Interception
SGW
Transport level packet marking
PDN GW Function
Lawful Interception
UE IP address allocation
Protocol stack
MME
UE eNB NAS
S1AP
NAS
APP SCTP
RRC RRC S1AP X2AP
IP
PDCP PDCP SCTP
RLC RLC IP
SGW
MAC MAC GTPU
GTPU
PHY PHY UDP
UDP
IP
signaling
data
Internal Only▲
NAS NAS
RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
S1 functions
EPS bearer service management function
Setup, modify, release
Inter-3GPP-RAT handover
S1 paging function
X2 functions
Control of user plane tunnels between source eNB and target eNB
Handover cancellation
Error indication
Internal Only▲
Contents
DL OFDMA
UL SC-FDMA
no self-interference in one cell
Flexible resource assignment
What is OFDM ?
Bandwidth(MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Resource Block Number NRB 6 15 25 50 75 100
Internal Only▲
OFDM VS OFDMA
Internal Only▲
Sub-carriers
Sub-frame
Frequency
Time frequency
resource for User 1
Time frequency
resource for User 2
Time
Scalable bandwidth allocation Time frequency
resource for User 3
Resistance to multi-path interference by inserting Cyclic Prefix.
Effectively against frequency selective fading
Sensitive to frequency deviation
High PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)
Internal Only▲
Channel mapping
UP LINK DOWN LINK
PDCP
RLC
CCCH DCCH DTCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCHPCCH
Logical CH
MAC
PHY
PHY CH
PRACH PUCCH PUSCH PBCH PMCH PDCCH PDSCH
Internal Only▲
Downlink Uplink
• Channel • Channel
• PCFICH: Physical-control- • PRACH: Physical random
format indication channel access channel
• PBCH: Physical broadcast • PUCCH: Physical uplink control
channel channel
• PHICH: Physical HARQ • PUSCH: Physical uplink shared
indication channel channel
• PDCCH: Physical downlink • Signal
control channel • DRS: Demodulation reference
• PDSCH: Physical downlink signal
shared channel • SRS: Sounding reference
• Signal signal
• RS: reference signal
• P (S) –SCH: synchronized
channel
Internal Only▲
Slot/Frame
synchronization & eNode-B
Cell Id identification
Notes: each bin stands for 1 symbol in time domain and 12 sub-carriers in
frequency domain
Internal Only▲
SCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slot no. 10
P-SCH S-SCH
Slot no. 0
Internal Only▲
PBCH
Cell An 0 OFDM
CRC interference modulation
enhancing
adding
Physical
Modulation
Signal mapping
resource An 1 OFDM
BCH TB mapping modulation
program-
ming on each
Layer
antenna
mapping
port
Rate
matching Pre-
An P OFDM
programming
modulation
Internal Only▲
PCFICH
Internal Only▲
PHICH
Internal Only▲
nPRB 49
nPRB 48
nPRB 47
……………
nPRB 8
nPRB 7
………...
nPRB 2
nPRB 1
nPRB 0
PRACH
Frame structure 6RB CP Sequence
TCP TSEQ
Different Preambles
un( n 1)
j
xu n e
Preamble generation N ZC
, 0 n N ZC 1
Generated by the Zadoff-
Chu sequence in zero-
related region xu ,v (n) xu (( n vN CS ) mod N ZC )
Internal Only▲
PUCCH
2a QPSK+BPSK 21
2b QPSK+QPSK 22
Internal Only▲
PUSCH
Transfer pre-
Enhance
Modulate programmed
interference
codes
Generate
Map
SC-FDMA
resource
signal
Internal Only▲
Contents
What is MIMO?
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple output)
A set of techniques that rely on the use of multiple antennas at
the receiver and/or transmitter. It can be used to achieve
improved system capacity and improved coverage area.
Internal Only▲
v11
Modulator
Channel
Encode QPSK Detector
Interleave
16QAM
v21 Data
Data
stream
stream Trans
DeMUX Receiver MUX
v12 mitter
Modulator
Channel
Encode QPSK Detector
Interleave
16QAM
v22
6 Mode 6 Codebook BF
Improve cell Coverage and
Suppress Interference
7 Mode 7 Non Codebook BF
Internal Only▲
Spatial Multiplexing
Internal Only▲
SU-MIMO VS MU-MIMO
Internal Only▲
What Is ICIC?
ICIC (Inter cell Interference
Coordination)
A set of techniques that based on
FFR/SFR( fractional frequency Sector 2
59
Internal Only▲
Sector 2 A B C
Inner
Sector 1 Sector 3
20MHz
20MHz bandwidth is
divided into A,B,C. CEUs
in different cell use A, B
UE1 or C, while CCU use
UE3 UE2 frequencies left unused.
Internal Only▲
Dynamic ICIC
Any cell can send HII(High Level Indicator) to its neighbor through X2
interface to make neighbors schedule resources avoiding interference.
X2
Z, X will reduce transmission power
eNB1 eNB3 of UE2 and UE3
Inner
X2
X2
Sector 1 Sector 3
3. No necessary to pre-allocate
HII, OI HII, OI X bandwidth. Resources are
eNB2 Z
dynamically allocated based on real
interference and bandwidth
Y
UE3
UE1 UE2 UE3
UE1
UE2
20MHz
Internal Only▲
The frequencies that can make the highest gain should be allocated to users.
Best resource
-2
for UE2 RB2
AMC in sub frequency band is
dB
-4
120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
resource index
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Contents
Cell Search
UE eNodeB
Reference Signal
Channel estimation, BCH antenna configuration
PBCH
Random Access
Sent on PRACH Sent on DL-SCH
resources associated UE eNodeB with RA-RNTI;
with RA-RNTI assignment of
Random Access Preamble Temporary C-RNTI,
1 Timing Advance,
Sent on PRACH with RA-RNTI
initial uplink grant
Sent on UL-SCH; Random Access Response
includes NAS UE ID 2
and RRC connection RAP sent on PDSCH, addressed by
PDCCH using RA-RNTI Sent on DL-SCH;
request
Early Contention
Scheduled Transmission Resolution
3 (mirroring of uplink
Data sent on PUSCH
message)
Contention resolution
4
CR sent on PDSCH, addressed
by PDCCH using TC/C-RNTI
Internal Only▲
HO decision
HO request
Admission Control
HO Request ACK
RRC Connect Reconf.
Packet Data
End Marker
User plane update
response
Path switch request
ACK
UE Context Release
Release Resource
Internal Only▲
LTE_ACTIVE
•IP address assigned
•Connected to known cell
OUT_OF_SYNC IN_SYNC
•DL reception possible •DL reception possible
Power-UP •NO UL transmission •UL transmission possible
LTE_IDLE
LTE_DETACHED
•IP address assigned
•No IP address
•Position partially known
•Position not known
•DL DRX period
Internal Only▲
Contents
SON development
USR?
Self-organization
Artificial intervention
network
Internal Only▲
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Internal Only▲
SON solutions
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download 6:RACH load
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7:Automatic Inventory
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2:Cell/service outage
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1:Standardize S1/X2/itf-S
2:Network Sharing 3:Mitigation of unit
outgage
Internal Only▲
Contents
LTE
Distributed IntegratedUniversal
RRU
RRU
RSU Features
MicroTCA architecture
Multi-Standard support
Baseband sharing and
BBU
software configurable
RRU sharing and
BBU
software configurable
BBU+RRU
Appearance
Technical Specifications:Capacity
Technical Specifications:Interface
Item Value
MTBF ≥233000 hours
MTTR 0.5 hours
Availability index ≥99.999785%
Down duration ≤1.128 min/year
Internal Only▲
Item Value
Operation Frequency Band 700 MHz /900 MHz /AWS/1800 MHz /2100 MHz
/2600 MHz/DD
Output Power PA: 2 x 48 W
TOC : 2 x 40 W
Receiver Sensitivity •Channel bandwidth(MHz) :1.4
•Reference sensitivity power level (dBm):-108.8
•Channel bandwidth(MHz) :3
•Reference sensitivity power level (dBm):-105.0
Item Value
Power Requirements Power supply :-48V DC (-37~-60V DC)
grounding resistance: ≤ 5Ω
Long-term: 5% ~ 100%;
Relative Humidity
Short-term: 5% ~ 100%
Waterproof/Dustproof IP65
≤5 Ω; earth resistance can be less than 10 Ω in
Ground thunder-less area where thunderstorm days is
less than 20.
Indoor pack deposited
Storage Temperature: -40 °C ~ 70 °C
Relative Humidity: 5% ~ 98%
Internal Only▲
Technical Specifications: Electromagnetic
Compatibility
Item Indices
Item Indices
MTBF ≥354000 hours
MTTR 0.5 hour
Availability index ≥99.999859%
Down duration ≤0.741 min/year
Internal Only▲
Networking
Internal Only▲