Old english was spoken from mid 5th century to the
mid-12th century. It was a West Germanic language
of the 5th century. The origin of the old English started from ingvaeonic also called “Germanic of the North Sea”. Ingvaeonic was named after a West Germanic proto-tribe cultural group called Ingaevones. This language was a grouping of Old Frisian, Old Saxon and Old English. Later it developed into Anglo- Saxon language, the language spoken by people living in parts of modern England and Southeastern lands of Scotland. Anglo–Saxon was developed only after 7th century after Christianization. It was constantly influenced by many languages. Within the Germanic group the family tree looks something like this: Middle English was spoken during late 11th century to late 15th century. It developed from the Late Old English, which was spoken in Norman England. (1106-1154) During these Norman-ruled centuries in which English as a language had no official status and no regulation, English had become the third language in its own country. It was largely a spoken rather than written language. Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. EarlyMiddle English developed from late Old English in the second half of 11th century. It was spoken during 12th and 13th centuries. By the second half of 14th century, it became popular as a literary language. Finally in the 15th century the Late Middle English started transitioning into Early Modern English. Old English was influenced by Latin, Norse and Celtic. Latin influenced it in three periods, firstly, when the Anglo-Saxons went to Britain, secondly when the Latin speaking priests converted the Anglo- Saxons to Christianity and lastly when the Normans conquered England in 1066. The second language influencing old English was Norse; it began with the Scandinavian words being introduced after the Vikings invaded England in the 9th and 10th centuries. Celtic’s major influence was mainly on syntax and not on vocabulary. Middle English gradually ended the Wessex, as the writing language and emerged as the focal language for writers and poets. Many regions had their own dialects and there were variety of different writing styles. It became more prominent in the 14th century, in the 12th and 13th century it was more Anglo-Norman. Old English was not a monolithic language, it had multiple variations in different regions. It had developed from languages and dialects of many different tribes; each dialect was spoken by independent kingdom. There were four main dialects, Mercian (dialect of Mercia), Kentish (dialect of Kent), West Saxon and Northumbrian (dialect of Northumbria) Ithad many dialects in different regions but during 15th century, printing began in England (1470) and the language started becoming more standardized. Unlike Modern English, Old English is a language rich in morpholgical diversity. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, occusative, genitive, dative and instrumental. Thelanguage became more like Modern West Frisian, a Dutch related language than the Germanic, because of its simplification. Old English was first written in runes, using the futhorc – a rune set derived from the Germanic 24-character elder futhark, extended by five more runes used to represent Anglo-Saxon vowel sounds, and sometimes by several more additional characters. From around the 9th century, the runic system came to be supplanted by a (minuscule) half- uncial script of the Latin alphabetintroduced by Irish Christian missionaries. This was replaced by insular script, a cursive and pointed version of the half-uncial script. This was used until the end of the 12th century when continental Carolingian minuscule (also known as Caroline) replaced the insular. All the letters were pronounced in Middle English there were no “silents” but by Chaucer’s time the final “e” became silent. For example, knight was pronounced [ˈkniçt] (with both the ⟨k⟩ and the ⟨gh⟩ pronounced, the latter sounding as the ⟨ch⟩ in German Knecht). The major exception was the silent ⟨e⟩ – originally pronounced, but lost in normal speech by Chaucer's time. This letter, however, came to indicate a lengthened – and later also modified – pronunciation of a preceding vowel. For example, in name, originally pronounced as two syllables, the /a/ in the first syllable (originally an open syllable) lengthened, the final weak vowel was later dropped, and the remaining long vowel was modified in the Great Vowel Shift (for these sound changes, see under Phonology, above). Summary 1.Old English was the language spoken during 5th to mid 12th century; Middle English was spoken during mid 11th to late 15th century. 2.Old English developed and originated from North Sea Germanic; Middle English developed from Wessex. 3.All the letters were pronounced in the language and there were no silent; in the late Middle English during Chaucer’s time silent words had started being observed. 4.Old English had many dialects and was never standardized; late Middle English started getting standardized by 15th century.
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