HUMAN

REPRODUCTION
Human Reproduction
- any form of sexual reproduction resulting
in human fertilization, typically
involving sexual intercourse between a
man and a woman.
The Male Reproductive System
1. Testes
-typically paired male
reproductive gland that
produces sperm and
secretes testosterone.
2. Scrotum
- the sac (pouch) that
contains the testes,
epididymis, and the lower
part of the spermatic cord
(blood vessels and vas
deferens).
3. Seminiferous tubules
- composed of coiled
structures in testes,
which are the sites of
sperm production.
4. Vas deferens
- carry sperm away from
the testes, towards
the penis.
5. Epididymis
-an elongated organ on the
posterior surface of a testis
that stores sperm while
they mature.
Androgens
-male sex hormones
develops male
characteristics
Testosterone
-sex hormones, secreted by
the testes
Abnormalities in
male reproductive
system
Abnormalities in male reproductive system:
1. Cryptorchidism
-first type of male sterility which is defined
as the failure of the testes to descend to
the scrotal sac at the time of birth of a
baby boy.
2. Abnormal Sperm Morphology

3. Reduced Sperm Counts

-normal ejaculation is equivalent to 3.5ml
semen which contains 400 million sperms.
-sperm count lower than 60 million is
considered as an abnormal condition.
Female Reproductive System
1. Gonads
-are the two ovaries.
2. Fallopian tube
- two very fine tubes
lined with ciliated
epithelia, leading from
the ovaries of
of female mammals into
the uterus.
3. Ovary
- is an ovum-producing
reproductive organ,
often found in pairs at
the lower back of
the female
4. Uterus
- responsible for the
development of the
embryo and fetus during
pregnancy.
5. Cervix
- control of movement
into and out of the uterus,
protection of the fetus
during pregnancy, and the
delivery of the fetus during
childbirth.
6. Clitoris
- It contains thousands
of nerve endings that
make it an extremely
sensitive organ.
7. Urinary Bladder
- the body’s urine storage tank.
8. Vagina
- Measuring around 3 inches in
length and less than an inch in
diameter, the vagina stretches to
become several inches longer and
many inches wider during sexual
intercourse and childbirth.
9. Rectum
- the concluding part of the
large intestine that
terminates in the anus.
10. Anus
- control the expulsion
of feces, unwanted semi-
solid matter produced during
digestion.
Estrogen
-produced by the follicle plays a very
important role in the monthly menstrual
cycle of a woman.
Progesterone
-prepares the uterus for implantation.
 Fertilization, Implantation and Birth
 Sperms must be deposited to the vagina near the
time of ovulation.
 Due to sexual excitation, the arteries supplying
the blood to the penis of the male dilate.
 Blood accumulates in the sinus of the penis and
the resulting pressure causes the penis to
become erect and thus able to penetrate the
vagina of the female.
 Further excitation results to ejaculation.
Sperms pass through the epididymis into the
vas deferens.
Glandular secretions from the prostate gland,
seminal vesicles are added to the sperms. The
mixture of the sperms and the secretions is
called semen.
The sperm expelled from the penis to the
vagina.
They swim through the opening in the cervix ,
then to the uterus and later to the fallopian
tube where Fertilization takes place .
Although only one sperm fertilizes the egg, 60
million sperms must be present in 1 ml of
semen, if fertilization is to occur.
Most of the sperms die during the trip due to
the very acidic condition of the female genital
tract.
• During sexual intercourse, the interaction
between the male and female reproductive
systems results in fertilization of the
woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
• These are specialized
reproductive cells called gametes, created in a
process called meiosis.
• While normal cells contains 46 chromosomes, 23
pairs, gamete cells only contain 23 chromosomes,
and it is when these two cells merge into
one zygote cell that genetic recombination occurs
and the new zygote contains 23 chromosomes
from each parent, giving them 23 pairs.
Embryonic development begins while the
zygote is still within the Fallopian tube.
The developing embryo continues to travel
down the tube reaching the uterus within a
week.
Implantation thickened lining of the uterus
takes place.
The extra-embryonic membranes develop and
form the amniotic cavity, placenta, and
umbilical cord with the implantation of the
embryo.
Pregnancy then is established.
After a gestation period, typically for nine
months, is followed by childbirth. The
fertilization of the ovum may be achieved
by artificial insemination methods, which do
not involve sexual intercourse.