Broadcasting

Standards
amplitude and frequency
modulation
 Broadcasting
 Broadcasting is the distribution of audio
and/or video signals which transmit
programs to an audience. The audience
may be the general public or a relatively
large sub-audience, such as children or
young adults.
 Amplitude Modulation

 Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique

used in electronic communication, most
commonly for transmitting information via a
radio carrier wave.
- amplitude of the carrier is varied while its
frequency remains constant
 Amplitude Modulation Standards
Parameters Philippine Technical FCC Technical
Standards Standards

Occupied Spectrum 535 -1605kHz 540 -1700kHz

Allocated BW 1070kHz 1160kHz

BW per station 9kHz 10kHz

Number of Station 118 station 116 station

Spacing between 36kHz 30kHz

station
Antenna polarization Vertical vertical
 Amplitude Modulation Standards
Continuation
Carrier Frequency ±20Hz of the assigned ±20Hz of the assigned
Tolerance frequency frequency

Guard band ±500Hz ±500Hz

Intermediate Frequency 455kHz 455kHz

Modulation Scheme AM AM

Type of Emission A3E A3E

Receiver Characteristics Super heterodyne Super heterodyne

Audio Frequency 50 - 15000Hz 50 - 15000Hz

Response
 Service Areas
 Primary Service Area - area in w/c the groundwave
field of 1mv/m is not subject to objectionable
interference or objectionable fading.

 Secondary Service Area - area served by the skywave

and not subject to objectionable interference.

 Intermittent Service Area - area receiving service

from the groundwave but beyond the primary service
area and subject to some interference and fading.
Maximum Power Allocation in kW
AREA LOW BAND MIDBAND HIGH BAND
(525-918 kHz) (919-1312 kHz) (1313-1705kHz)

Metro Manila 10 20 30
Metro Cebu 10 20 30
Other areas 5 10 15
 AM Broadcasting Ratio
 Audio Frequency Signal-to-inteference Ratio
 the ratio (in dB) between the values of the voltage of the
wanted signal and the voltage of the interference, measured
under specified conditions, at the audio frequency output of the
receiver.

 Radio-Frequency Wanted-to-interference Signal Ratio

 the ratio (in dB) between the values of the radio frequency
voltage of the wanted signal and the interfering signal,
measured at the input of the receiver under specified conditions.
 Antenna System
1. Antenna Site Consideration
 Location in relation to the population to be
served and to other installation and airports.
 Conductivity of the soil at and immediately
adjacent to the site.
 Conductivity of the path between the site
and the target area.
 Antenna System
2. Antenna Design Considerations
 The transmitting antenna system shall be
vertically polarized and shall radiate an
effective field of not less than that of a 60-
degree vertical radiator.
 The antenna, antenna lead-in, and
counterpoise shall be installed so as not to
present hazard
 AM Transmitter
1. Transmitter Location and Layout
Considerations
 Adequate space
 Adequate ventilation and air conditioning
 Adequate lightning
 AM Transmitter
2. Alternate Main Transmitter Considerations
 The regular and alternate main transmitter
to be located in a single place.
 Both transmitters shall maintain the same
parameters especially with regards to
authorized operating frequency stability
 AM Transmitter
3. Auxiliary Transmitter Considerations
 May be installed either in the same location
as the regular main transmitter or in another
location
 Its operating power may be less but never
greater than the authorized power of the
regular main transmitter
 AM Broadcast Operating
Requirements
1. Operating Schedule
 Two thirds of the total hours that is
authorized to operate between 6AM to 6PM
local standard time
 Two thirds of the total hours that is
authorized to operate between 6PM to
midnight local standard time
 AM Broadcast Operating
Requirements
2. Program Log Entries
 An entry of the time each station identification
announcement is made.
 An entry briefly describing each program
broadcast
 An entry showing that each sponsored program
broadcast has been announced as sponsored
 An entry showing, for each program of network
origin, the name of the network originating the
program
 AM Broadcast Operating
Requirements
3. Operating Log Entries
 An entry of the time the station begins to
supply power to the antenna and the time it
stops
 An entry of the time the program begins and
ends
 An entry of each interruptions
 An entry of the following every 30 minutes.
Operating constants and antenna current
Broadcast Auxiliary Services (AM)
 Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)
Band Operating Maximum Power
Frequency
A 300 to 315 MHz 15W

B 734 to 752 MHz 15W

C 942 to 952 MHz 15W

Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..
 Remote Pick-up Broadcast Station
Band Operating Maximum Power
Frequency
A 315 to 325 MHz 35W

B 450 to 451 MHz 35W

C 455 to 456 MHz 35W

 Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..
 Communications, Coordination and Control Link

Band Operating Frequency Maximum

Power
A 4 to 12 MHz 100 W(SBS)

B 25.67 to 26.1 MHz 160 W(ERP)

C 162.235 to 162.615 MHz 160 W(ERP)

166.25 MHz, 170.15 MHz
D 432.5 to 433 MHz 200W
437.5 to 438 MHz (for repeater)
 AM Broadcast Terminology
 Daytime
-refers to that period of the time between 2100 GMT – 1000
GMT (5:00AM – 6:00PM local standard time)

 Experimental Period
-refers to that period of time between 1600 GMT – 2100
GMT (12 midnight –5:00AM local standard time)
 AM Broadcast Terminology
 Nighttime
-refers to that period of the time between 1000
GMT – 2100 GMT (6:00PM – 5:00AM local
standard time)
 PHILIPPINE RADIO
BROADCASTING
 History
 The first radio station was called KZKZ set up
by an American Henry Mann in Manila in 1922

 In 1929, radio as introduced into the

provinces
 STATION IDENTIFICATION
 Four letter call signs beginning with KZ
were in the use

 The ITU however decided to give

Philippines the right to use the call letter D
(Deutscheland- German name of
Germany)
 KZKZ
 A 100 watt station with the call letter
KZKZ
 October 4,1924 he sold it to the radio
Corporation of the Philippines
 Nomenclatures
 DZ/DW
 Established in Luzon

 DY
 Established in Visayas

 DX
 Established in Mindanao
 Outside Manila
 In 1929, RCP put up KZRC (radio Cebu), a
one-kilowatt experimental station in Cebu
city.
 Early Filipino Broadcasters
 Francisco “koko” Trinidad regarded as the
Father of Philippine Broadcasting
 REGULATION
 Early regulation of broadcasting was
begun in 1931 and thus passed the Radio
Control Law creating the Radio Control
Board
 The board examined applications for
licenses to operate radio, allocate band
frequencies, and conducted inspections
 Martial Law
 on September 21,1972, Martial law was
declared
 Government control was instituted with
the establishment of Broadcast Media
Council (BMC) and the Kapisanan ng mga
Broadkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP)
 BMC AND KBP
 BMC
 Assists
and supports the government in
developing the masses, through the massive
dissemination of broadcast information

 KBP
 Anassembly of media practitioners, which
seeks to self-regulate and “standardize” the
broadcasting industry.
 KBP
 Founded in 1972 for its general objectives
 To unify broadcast pratitioners
 To formulate policies and standards
 To represent broadcasters as their spokesman
regarding matters concerning policies and
legislation.
 Radio Broadcasting Operations
 Broadcast Media operators are categorized into:
 Commercial-private corporations/ associations,
private schools etc. they are business and profit-
oriented
 Non-commercial – civic or religious organizations
with specific target audiences for their programs
 Government sector- operated by a government,
department, agency etc. they provide public service
and also disseminate information on government
activities
FM Broadcasting Standards
Parameter Philippine Technical
Standards

Occupied Spectrum 88 – 108 MHz

Allocated BW 20 MHz

BW per station In 200 kHz increment

from 88.1 MHz to 107.9
MHz
Spacing between 800 kHz
station
FM Broadcasting Standards Cont..
Carrier Frequency ±2000Hz of the assigned
Tolerance frequency

Maximum Frequency ±75 kHz

Deviation
Guard band ±25 kHz

Pre-emphasis 75µsec with break

frequency of 2122Hz
Intermediate 10.7 MHz
Frequency
Receiver Superheterodyne
Characteristics

Audio Frequency 50 – 15000Hz

Response
FM Broadcasting Standards
Type of Modulation FM

Type of Emission F3E

Pilot Subcarrier 19kHz

Antenna Polarization Horizontal or circular

polarized
 Classes of Stations
Station Authorized Power

Class A Not exceeding 15kW

Class B Not exceeding 10kW

Class C Not exceeding 1kW

Class D Not exceeding 10W

 FM Broadcast Frequency
Allocation
FM = FM1 + (n-1)BW (MHz)

Where:
FM = channel frequency in MHz
FM1 = frequency of the first FM channel
n = channel number
BW = channel bandwidth
 FM Transmitter Considerations
1. Construction
 The transmitter shall be constructed on racks
and panels or in totally enclosed frames
protected
2. Enclosure
 The transmitter shall be enclosed in a metal
frame or grille separated from the operating
space by a barrier or other equivalent means
 FM Transmitter Considerations
3. Grounding of Controls
 All external metallic handles and controls shall
be effectively grounded
 No circuit in excess of 150V shall have any part
exposed to direct contact
4.Interlocks
 All access doors shall be provided with
interlocks which will disconnect all voltages in
excess of 350V when any access door is opened
 FM Transmitter Considerations
5. Bleeder Resistors
 Proper bleeder resistors or other automatic
shall be installed across all capacitor banks
to lower any voltage which may remain
accessible with access door open.
6. Wiring and Shielding
 All instruments having more than 1000V
potential to ground shall be protected by a
cage or cover.
Broadcast Transmission Services
(FM)
 Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)
Band Operating
Frequency (MHz)
A 310 to 315

B 734 to 752
860-880
942-952
Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..
 Remote Pick-up Broadcast Station
Band Operating
Frequency (MHz)
A 305 - 310

B 450-451

C 455 -456
 Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..
 Communications, Coordination and Control Link
Band Operating Frequency
(MHz)
A 4 to 12

B 26.10 to 26.48

C 162.235 -162.615
166.25
170.15
D 880-890
 FM Broadcast Terminology
 Antenna Height Above Average Terrain
 It’s the height of the radiation center of the
antenna above the terrain 3-16km from the
antenna