Y








Harish Baba.V.V
á
  
 


á
 
˜
rocess is a set of logically related tasks
erformed to achieve a
defined outcome.

˜ urning data into information is a
rocess.

˜ nowledge is an awareness and understanding of a set of

information and the ways that information can be used to su

ort a
s
ecific task or reach a decision.

˜ he
rocess of defining relationshi
s among data to create useful

information requires knowledge.
á
  
 


á
 
˜ am
le-Part of the knowledge needed for building a railroad
layout, for instance, is ±understanding how large an area is
available for the layout±how many trains will run on the track±how
fast they will travel

˜ he act of selecting/rejecting facts according to their relevance to

articular tasks is also based on a ty
e of knowledge used for
converting data into information.

˜ ata is organized or
rocessed manually, or with the hel
of a

com
uter
ë   


˜ system is a set of elements or com
onents that interact to
accom
lish goal(s).

˜ he elements themselves and the relationshi
s among them

determine how the system works

˜ ystems have in
uts,
rocessing mechanisms, out
uts, and

(o
tional) feedback
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á

  


˜ dirty car, water, and the various cleaning ingredients.

˜ ime, energy, skill, and knowledge required to successfully o
erate

the liquid s
rayer, foaming brush, and air dryer devices.

˜ nowledge used to define the ste
s in the car wash o
eration and
their order of ˜eecution
4

˜ odel= an abstraction / a

roimation used to re
resent reality.
odels enable us to e
lore and gain an im
roved understanding of
real-world situations

˜ anagers and decision makers use models to hel
them

Ł Understand what is ha

ening in their organizations

Ł ake better decisions.

ë

4



˜ u

  -based on words; thus, it is a logical and not a

hysical model. Both verbal and written descri
tions of reality are
considered in narrative models. In an organization, re
orts,
documents, and conversations concerning a system are all im
ortant
narratives.

˜
   ±tangible re
resentation of reality. any
hysical
models are com
uter designed or constructed. n engineer may
develo
a
hysical model of a chemical reactor to gain im
ortant
information about how a large-scale reactor might
erform, or a
builder may develo
a model of a new sho

ing center to give a

otential investor information about the overall a

earance and
a

roach of the develo
ment.
ë

4



˜ |   -gra
hic re
resentation of reality -gra
hs,
charts, figures, diagrams, illustrations, and
ictures. Used
etensively in develo
ing com
uter
rograms and systems. Business
eam
les - blue
rint for a new building, a gra
h that shows budget
and financial
rojections, electrical wiring diagrams, and gra
hs
showing when certain tasks to be com
leted to stay on schedule.

˜     -arithmetic re
resentation of reality.

Com
uters are used at solving such models. Business eam
le -
Retail chains use such models to identify all the activities, effort, and
time for
lanning, building, and o
ening a new store so that they
can forecast how long it will take to com
lete a store.
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á
 


˜ anual versus com
uterized information systems

˜ Com
uter-based information system (CBI)

Ł Hardware, software, databases, telecommunications,
eo
le, and

rocedures

Ł Collect, mani
ulate, store, and
rocess data into information



Yáë  
á 
˜ elecommunications-electronic transmission of signals for
communications, enabling organizations to carry out their
rocesses
and tasks through effective com
uter networks. am
le -Large
restaurant chains linking hundreds of restaurants to cor
orate head
quarters to s
eed credit card authorization and re
ort sales and

ayroll data

˜ etworks-used to connect com
uters and com
uter equi
ment in a

building, around the country, or around the world to enable
telecommunication. Investment firms use wireless networks to
connect thousands of
eo
le with their cor
orate offices


Yáë  
á 
˜ he Internet-world¶s largest com
uter network, consisting of
thousands of interconnected networks, all freely echanging
information. Research firms, colleges, universities, high schools,
and businesses are just a few eam
les of organizations using the
Internet
á  ë 

˜ Intranet-an internal network based on Web technologies that allows

eo
le within an organization to echange information and work on

rojects

˜ tranet-a network based on Web technologies that allows selected

outsiders, such as business
artners and customers, to access
authorized resources of the intranet of a com
any
 




!  




 
 
˜ Ignoring the customer and the fact that the customer should
evaluate the
roduct

˜ reating managers as customers even though they don't use the

work system's
roduct directly



   
˜
orgetting that the
ur
ose of a work system is to
roduce a
roduct
for an internal or eternal customer

˜
orgetting that the
roduct of a work system is often not the
roduct
of the organization



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˜ efining the business
rocess so narrowly that an im
rovement has
little consequence

˜ efining the business
rocess so broadly that it involves a wide range of

roducts and customers and is difficult to analyze coherently

˜ Confusing business
rocess measures (such as consistency and

roductivity) with
roduct measures (such as cost to the customer and
quality
erceived by the customer)

˜ hinking about the business
rocess as a theoretical set of ste
s and

ignoring whether it is adequately su

orted by
artici
ants,
information, and technology



   

˜ Ignoring the incentives felt by
artici
ants and ignoring other

ressures on them

˜
ocusing on "users" rather than
artici
ants, thereby over-
em
hasizing I and under-em
hasizing how the work system
o
erates and what it
roduces



 á
 
˜ ssuming that better information will generate better results

˜ own
laying the im
ortance of soft information not ca
tured by

formal systems



 ë 
˜ ssuming that better technology will generate better results

˜
ocusing on technology without thinking about whether it makes a
difference in the work system
 

"#
ë 

˜ ummarizes the elements any business
rofessional should look at
when analyzing an eisting or
otential system in an organization

˜ he framework says that the system is much more than just
technology

˜ Instead, the system is actually a work system consisting of a

business
rocess
erformed by human
artici
ants using
information and technology

Ł Instead, the system is actually a work system consisting of a business

rocess
erformed by human
artici
ants using information and
technology
ë 


 

˜ he 
 is whoever
receives and uses the
roduct
of the work system

˜ his may be an eternal

customer, a customer for the
organization's
roduct, or it
may be an internal customer
inside the organization.

 
˜ he !  is the
combination of
hysical
things, information, and
service that the work system

roduces for the customer

˜ he work system eists to

roduce the
roduct for the
customer

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˜ he 2
 


!

is the set
of work ste
s that are

erformed within the work
system

˜ hese ste
s may be
recisely

defined in some situations or
relatively unstructured in
others

   

˜ he ! ! 
are
eo
le
who
erform the work ste
s
in the business
rocess

˜ he same business
rocess

might be
erformed with
different degrees of success
de
ending on the skills,
training, and interests of the

artici
ants.

 á
 
˜ he    is the
information used by the

artici
ants to
erform their
work

˜ ome of the information may

be com
uterized, but other
im
ortant information may
never be ca
tured on a
com
uter

 ë 
˜ he    is the
hardware, software, and other
tools and resources used by
the
artici
ants in doing their
work.

 $
 %

˜ 

 is how a current
or
ro
osed system o
erates
and how its com
onents work
together.

˜


  is how well a
system and each of its major
com
onents o
erates.

˜ 


 is the eternal

human and technical resources
a system de
ends u
on and
shares with other systems.

 $
 %

˜
 
the organizational,
com
etitive, and technical
realm within which the system
o
erates, including eternal
stakeholders, the organization's

olicies,
ractices, and culture,
and com
etitive and regulatory
issues that affect the system.

˜ º  are foreseeable events

whose occurrence could cause
system degradation or failure.
ë &