2.B.

3 Endomembrane System

Eukaryotic cells maintain internal

membranes that partition the cell
into specialized regions.
 Membranes and membrane-bound
organelles localize metabolic processes
and enzymatic reactions.
 Internal membranes minimize
competing interactions by
compartmentalizing those reactions.
 Example: Lysosomes

• Lysosomes digest macromolecules

from phagocytosis and worn-out cell
parts.
• They are filled with degradative
enzymes that would be detrimental
to the cell if not compartmentalized.
• A higher concentration of enzymes
within means faster reaction rates.
• Enzymes inside are functional at a
lower pH than the rest of the cell.
 Internal membranes also increase
surface area where reactions can
occur. More surface area means more
membrane-bound enzymes.
Membrane-Bound Organelles:

• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Golgi
• Nuclear envelope
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Continuous with
the nuclear
envelope
• Modifies
secretory
proteins, which
are synthesized
by ribosomes
and then passed
into the lumen.
 Golgi Apparatus

• Packages and sorts

proteins for secretion.
• Proteins enter the cis-
face and are modified
as they move through
the cisternae.
• Proteins exit the trans-
face in vesicles bound
for the cell membrane.
 Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum

• Synthesizes lipids,
phospholipids and steroids.
• Carries out the metabolism
of carbohydrates and drug
detoxification.
 Nuclear Envelope

• Double membrane;
two lipid bilayers.
• Perinuclear space
contiguous with the
lumen of the
endoplasmic
reticulum.
• Nuclear pores
 Vacuoles
Contractile vacuoles
• Large central vacuole in can help move excess
plants contains water and water out of a cell.
helps maintain turgor
pressyre. Also used for
storage.
• In animal cells, food
vacuoles containing
phagocytized particles can
merge with lysosomes
containing digestive
enzymes.
Archaea and Bacteria generally lack
internal membranes and organelles
and have a cell wall.
In bacteria, enzymes are not packaged
separately but are bound to different
areas of the cell membrane.
 Learning Objectives:
LO 2.13 The student is able to explain how
internal membranes and organelles contribute
to cell functions. [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.14 The student is able to use
representations and models to describe
differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
[See SP 1.4]