PROJECT PRESENTATION

CONTENTS
• Comparison between vehicular loads of different standards.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN VEHICULAR LOADS OF DIFFERENT
STANDARDS

Vehicular standards under comparison

• IRC 6 2014 – Class 70 R tracked
• AASHTO LRFD 2012 – HL 93
• Euro code
• British Standard BD 37/01- HA and HB vehicles
Grillage analysis was performed to analyse the slab.
• Indian Road Congress ( IRC 6-2014)

Class A tracked vehicle

LIVE LOAD MODELS AS PER ASSHTO LRFD

The vehicular live loading of bridges as per ASSHTO LRFD, designated as HL-93, is a combination of
• Design truck or design Tandem

• Design lane load

Design truck Design tandem

 British Standard
• Type HA
Nominal uniformly distributed load (UDL). For loaded lengths up to and including
50m the UDL, expressed in kN per linear metre of notional lane, shall be derived from the
equation,
W = 336*(1/L)^.67
and for loaded lengths in excess of 50m but less than 1600m the UDL shall be derived from the
equation,
W = 36*(1/L)^.1
where L is the loaded length (in m) and W is the load per metre of notional lane (in kN).
• The UDL is assumed to fully occupy 1 notional lane .
 Type HB vehicle
• For all public highway bridges in Great Britain, the minimum number of units of type HB loading that
shall normally be considered is 30, but his number may be increased up to 45 if so directed by the
appropriate authority.
Application of HA and HB vehicle
Vehicles defined under Euro code

Carriage way Number of notional Width of a notional Width of the

width Lanes lane (m) remaining area
W<5.4m 1 3 w-3

5.4m <W<6 m 2 .5w 0

6<W Int(w/3) 3 w-3*n1

Tandem System UDL system

Location
Axle loads Qik (kN) Qik (kN/m2)
Lane Number 1 300 9
LM1
Lane Number 2 200 2.5
Lane Number 3 100 2.5
Other Lanes 0 2.5
Remaining area 0 2.5
 AASHTO LRFD Indian Road
British Euro
Tandem + Congress
Span (m) Truck+lane Standard code
lane (kN)
(kN) (kN) (kN)
(kN)
7 785 285 1200 801 614
8 794 294 1200 830 623
9 804 304 1200 858
10 813 313 1200 887 700
11 822 322 1200 916 700
12 832 332 1200 945 700

Vehicular load classification

 Bridge Deck model

Grillage Model FEM model

Partial safety factors used

Code γSLS γULS

IRC 6-2014 1 1.5
EN 1992-2-2003 .75TS+.4UDL 1.35
BD 37/01 1.1 1.3
AASHTO LRFD 2012 1 1.75
 Grillage
Comparison between different standards
AASHTO LRFD and Indian standard
Bending moment

Unfactored bending
SLS (kNm) ULS (kNm)
Span (m) moment (kNm)
IRC LRFD IRC LRFD IRC LRFD
7 104.43 116.24 104.43 116.24 156.65 203.42
8 161.61 141.00 161.61 141.00 242.41 246.76
9 186.55 160.83 186.55 160.83 279.82 281.45
10 211.02 183.3 211.02 183.3 316.53 320.78
11 243.83 204.25 243.83 204.25 365.75 357.43
12 271.43 227.56 271.43 227.56 407.15 398.23
Shear force comparison

Unfactored shear force

SLS (kN) ULS (kN)
Span (m) (kN)
IRC LRFD IRC LRFD IRC LRFD
7 111.06 112.74 111.06 112.74 166.59 197.29
8 110.84 117.81 110.84 117.81 166.26 206.16
9 111.60 122.69 111.60 122.69 167.39 214.70
10 111.21 127.42 111.21 127.42 166.82 222.95
11 110.94 131.8 110.94 131.8 166.40 230.65
12 112.24 135.45 112.24 135.45 168.35 237.03
The ratio of the bending moment and shear forces with IRC load classification with that of the bending
moment and shear force produced with that AASHTO LRFD.
Where RBM=BM (AASHTO LRFD)/BM (IRC) and RSF=SFAASHTO LRFD/SFIRC

RBM RSF
Span
UF SLS ULS UF SLS ULS
7 1.11 1.11 1.3 1.01 1.01 1.18
8 0.87 0.87 1.01 1.06 1.06 1.24
9 0.86 0.86 1.00 1.1 1.1 1.28
10 0.87 0.87 1.01 1.14 1.14 1.34
11 0.83 0.83 0.98 1.19 1.19 1.38
12 0.84 0.84 0.98 1.20 1.20 1.40
COMPARISON BETWEEN IRC 6-2014 AND BRITISH STANDARD BD 37-02

Unfactored Bending
SLS (kNm) ULS (kNm)
Moment (kNm)
Span (m)
IRC British IRC British IRC British
Standard Standard Standard
7 104.43 267.74 104.43 294.51 156.65 348.06
8 161.61 306.35 161.61 336.98 242.41 398.25
9 186.55 343.98 186.55 378.37 279.82 447.17
10 211.02 385.7 211.02 424.27 316.53 501.41
11 243.83 456.97 243.83 502.66 365.75 594.06
12 271.43 484.5 271.43 532.95 407.15 629.85

The bending moment as per IRC 6-2014 and British standard (BD 37/01) vehicular
loading.
 Unfactored shear
SLS (kN) ULS (kN)
force(kN)
Span (m)
British British British
IRC IRC IRC
Standard Standard Standard
7 111.06 162.14 111.06 178.35 166.59 210.78
8 110.84 164.35 110.84 180.79 166.26 213.66
9 111.60 169.21 111.60 186.13 167.39 219.97
10 111.21 184.73 111.21 203.20 166.82 240.14
11 110.94 197.10 110.94 216.81 166.40 256.23
12 112.24 206.00 112.24 226.60 168.35 267.80
Shear force generated by the application of vehicular load as per IRC 6-2014
and British Standard BD 37/02.
 RBM RSF
Span (m)
UF SLS ULS UF SLS ULS
7 2.56 2.82 2.22 1.46 1.60 1.26
8 1.89 2.08 1.64 1.48 1.63 1.28
9 1.84 2.03 1.60 1.51 1.67 1.31
10 1.83 2.01 1.58 1.66 1.83 1.44
11 1.87 2.06 1.62 1.77 1.95 1.54
12 1.78 1.96 1.55 1.83 2.02 1.59

The ratio of the bending moment and shear force as generated by the vehicular loading
of British Standards with respect to that generated by the IRC.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN IRC 6-2014 AND EURO CODE

Unfactored bending Bending moment at Bending moment at

Span (m) moment (kNm) SLS (kNm) ULS (kNm)

IRC Euro code IRC Euro code IRC Euro code

7 104.43 308.3 104.43 231.22 156.65 416.20

8 161.61 369.9 161.61 277.42 242.41 499.36
9 186.55 427.54 186.55 320.65 279.82 577.18
10 211.02 482.54 211.02 361.90 316.53 651.43
11 243.83 550 243.83 412.50 365.75 742.50
12 271.43 600.6 271.43 450.45 407.15 810.81

Bending moment valves for different spans of bridge deck as per IRC 6 -2014
and Euro code
 Unfactored shear force Shear force at SLS Shear force at ULS
(kN) (kN) (kN)
Span (m)
IRC Euro code IRC Euro code IRC Euro code

7 111.06 195.7 111.06 146.775 166.59 264.19

8 110.84 200.04 110.84 150.03 166.26 270.05
9 111.60 204.1 111.60 153.075 167.39 275.53
10 111.21 208.02 111.21 156.02 166.82 280.83
11 110.94 210.6 110.94 157.95 166.40 284.31
12 112.24 215.18 112.24 161.39 168.35 290.50
Shear force generated by the application of vehicular load as per IRC 6-2014 and Euro
code.
 RBM RSF
Span
UF SLS ULS UF SLS ULS
7 2.95 2.21 2.65 1.76 1.32 1.58
8 2.29 1.71 2.06 1.80 1.35 1.62
9 2.29 1.71 2.06 1.83 1.37 1.64
10 2.28 1.71 2.06 1.87 1.40 1.68
11 2.25 1.69 2.03 1.89 1.42 1.70
12 2.21 1.66 2.00 1.91 1.43 1.72

Ratio of the bending moment and shear force generated by the vehicular loading
as per Euro code respect to that generated as per IRC.
 Finite Element Model
Comparison between different standards
AASHTO LRFD and Indian standard
Bending moment

Unfactored bending
SLS (kNm) ULS (kNm)
Span (m) moment (kNm)
IRC LRFD IRC LRFD IRC LRFD
7 78.38 114.1 78.38 114.1 117.58 199.67
8 149.33 127.1 149.33 127.1 224.00 222.42
9 185.25 159.43 185.25 159.43 277.87 279.00
10 209.48 175.9 209.48 175.9 314.22 307.82
11 243.30 193.49 243.30 193.49 364.95 338.60
12 253.37 214.07 253.37 214.07 380.06 374.62
Shear force comparison

Unfactored shear force

SLS (kN) ULS (kN)
Span (m) (kN)
IRC LRFD IRC LRFD IRC LRFD
7 41.62 93.59 41.62 93.59 62.43 163.78
8 75.08 66.49 75.08 66.49 112.62 116.35
9 76.57 39.3 76.57 39.3 114.85 68.77
10 82.57 72.42 82.57 72.419 123.86 126.73
11 85.00 75.16 85.00 75.16 127.50 131.53
12 86.51 77.45 86.51 77.45 129.76 135.53
The ratio of the bending moment and shear forces with IRC load classification with that of the bending
moment and shear force produced with that AASHTO LRFD.
Where RBM=BM (AASHTO LRFD)/BM (IRC) and RSF=SFAASHTO LRFD/SFIRC

RBM RSF
Span
UF SLS ULS UF SLS ULS
7 1.45 1.45 1.69 2.68 2.68 3.13
8 0.85 0.85 0.99 0.87 0.87 1.01
9 0.86 0.86 1.00 0.86 0.86 1.00
10 0.84 0.84 0.98 0.87 0.87 1.023
11 0.79 0.79 0.92 0.88 0.88 1.03
12 0.84 0.84 0.98 0.89 0.89 1.04
COMPARISON BETWEEN IRC 6-2014 AND BRITISH STANDARD BD 37-02

Unfactored Bending
SLS (kNm) ULS (kNm)
Moment (kNm)
Span (m)
IRC British IRC British IRC British
Standard Standard Standard
7 78.38 240.56 78.38 264.61 117.58 324.75
8 149.33 290.49 149.33 319.54 224.00 392.16
9 185.25 333.80 185.25 367.18 277.87 450.63
10 209.48 383.88 209.48 422.27 314.22 518.24
11 243.30 455.37 243.30 500.90 364.95 614.75
12 253.37 464.31 253.37 510.74 380.06 626.82

The bending moment as per IRC 6-2014 and British standard (BD 37/01) vehicular
loading.
 Unfactored shear
SLS (kN) ULS (kN)
force(kN)
Span (m)
British British British
IRC IRC IRC
Standard Standard Standard
7 41.62 135.82 41.62 149.402 62.43 149.402
8 75.08 137.2 75.08 150.92 112.62 150.92
9 76.57 138.72 76.57 152.592 114.85 152.592
10 82.57 150.5 82.57 165.55 123.86 165.55
11 85.00 156.6 85.00 172.26 127.50 172.26
12 86.51 163.883 86.51 180.2713 129.76 180.2713
Shear force generated by the application of vehicular load as per IRC 6-2014
and British Standard BD 37/02.
 RBM RSF
Span (m)
UF SLS ULS UF SLS ULS
7 3.068894 3.375784 2.66 3.262883 3.589171 2.827832
8 1.945228 2.139751 1.68 1.827297 2.010027 1.583658
9 1.801895 1.982084 1.56 1.811676 1.992843 1.570119
10 1.832499 2.015749 1.59 1.822551 2.004806 1.579544
11 1.871608 2.058769 1.62 1.842334 2.026567 1.596689
12 1.832501 2.015751 1.59 1.894327 2.08376 1.64175

The ratio of the bending moment and shear force as generated by the vehicular loading
of British Standards with respect to that generated by the IRC.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN IRC 6-2014 AND EURO CODE

Unfactored bending Bending moment at Bending moment at

Span (m) moment (kNm) SLS (kNm) ULS (kNm)

IRC Euro code IRC Euro code IRC Euro code

7 78.38 290.92 78.38 213.9518 117.58 385.1132

8 149.33 326.68 149.33 242.4975 224.00 436.4955
9 185.25 366.68 185.25 271.1025 277.87 487.9845
10 209.48 404.671 209.48 299.205 314.22 538.569
11 243.30 441.78 243.30 327.1125 364.95 588.8025
12 253.37 481.00 253.37 358.5975 380.06 645.4755

Bending moment valves for different spans of bridge deck as per IRC 6 -2014
and Euro code
 Unfactored shear force Shear force at SLS Shear force at ULS
(kN) (kN) (kN)
Span (m)
IRC Euro code IRC Euro code IRC Euro code

7 41.62 160.1 41.62 120.075 62.43 216.135

8 75.08 160.82 75.08 120.615 112.62 217.107
9 76.57 175.6 76.57 131.7 114.85 237.06
10 82.57 182.8 82.57 137.1 123.86 246.78
11 85.00 190.1 85.00 142.575 127.50 256.635
12 86.51 197 86.51 147.75 129.76 265.95
Shear force generated by the application of vehicular load as per IRC 6-2014 and Euro
code.
 RBM RSF
Span
UF SLS ULS UF SLS ULS
7 3.63 2.72 3.27 3.84 2.88 3.46
8 2.16 1.62 1.95 2.14 1.60 1.92
9 1.95 1.46 1.76 2.29 1.72 2.06
10 1.90 1.42 1.71 2.21 1.66 1.99
11 1.79 1.34 1.61 2.23 1.67 2.01
12 1.88 1.41 1.69 2.27 1.70 2.04

Ratio of the bending moment and shear force generated by the vehicular loading
as per Euro code respect to that generated as per IRC.
• % Variation of grillage analysis and finite element method

AASHTO British
Span Euro code IRC 6
LRFD Standards
7 1.84 10.15 5.63 24.94
8 9.86 5.17 11.68 7.59
9 0.87 2.96 14.19 0.69
10 4.03 0.472 16.13 0.73
11 5.26 0.35 19.67 0.22
12 5.9 4.16 19.91 6.65
Average %
4.63 3.88 14.54 6.80
variation
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• The results obtained by AASHTO LRFD was found to be lower than that of IRC 6-2014.The ratio
RBM was found to vary between .64 and .68 for unfactored and serviceability case and between .75
and .82 for ultimate limit state. The ratio RSF for the unfactored shear force and serviceability limit
state was found to vary between 1.8 and 1.95 and between 2.1 and 2.27 for the ultimate limit state.

• The vehicles defined under Euro code was found to produce 10 % nearly the same effect as produced
by the vehicles defined under IRC 6-2014 for factored bending moment. The ratio of RBM was found
to vary between 1.17 and 1.27 for unfactored bending moment, between .93 and 1 for serviceability
limit state and between 1.05 and 1.14 for the ultimate limit state. The ratio RSF was found to vary
between 1.29 and 1.38 for the unfactored case, between 1.03 and 1.11 for serviceability case and
between 1.16 and 1.24 for the ultimate limit state case.
• The vehicular effect as per the British standard was found to produce higher effect than that of the
vehicles defined under IRC 6-2014. The ratio RBM was found to vary between 1.23 and 1.4 for
unfactored case, between 1.35 and 1.54 for serviceability limit state and between and between 1.06
and 1.21 for ultimate limit state case. The ration RSF was found to vary between 1.33 and 1.51 for
unfactored shear force, between 1.47 and 1.67 for serviceability limit state and between 1.16 and 1.31
for ultimate limit state
 CONCLUSION
• Despite being heavily loaded, the vehicular loading defined under Euro code was found to produce an
effect within 10% variation compared to the vehicles defined under the Indian Road Congress. Even
though the vehicles defined under the ASSHTO was found to have higher total axle load, the vehicles
defined in the Indian road congress was found to produce more effect compared to that of the
ASSHTO LRFD standard. Despite being heavily loaded ,the vehicular loading as per British Standard
was found to produce an almost equal effect as that of the vehicles defined in Euro code at unfactored
case.

• The vehicles defined under British Standards was found to produce more effect compared to other
standards.