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Additional information
1 Fully Explained examples
Enhanced examples
2 Interactive examples
Model shape
3 Behaviour
Remote or locally installed XploRe Quantlet server, the
student can compute distribution functions, histogram and
test results.
Compared with classical textbooks where effects of
parameters changes can only be presented as sequence of
graphics or tables, the user can experience the results of
different settings in realtime.
realtime.
Students can recall definitions of used terms in the glossary
which is linked in MM*Stat.
Student can complete multiple choice questions by selecting
radio buttons, the results are given instantly.
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Besides SSS which is used for computational statistics
courses the software package XploRe is also used for
educating students.
Developed by MD*tech ( http://www.mdtech.de )
Full--featured statistical programming language
Full
Uses matrix ±oriented approach with cc--style syntax.
Can handle diverse statistical problems conveniently.
#)*#
#)*
Electronics and computational elements in education can be
limited from variety of different reasons
technical implementation or the educational approach.
MM*Stat relies on a complex framework, cascading style
sheets, java and javaScript
javaScript.. These were implemented in
different ways for each browser, so extensive work had to
be invested.
,
To determine the number and distribution of a
population in a certain area for planning,
priority setting, and for purposes of fund
allocation.
b.1 Fertility
Fertility-- a higher fertility leads to a
younger population
b.2 Urban-
Urban- rural differences
In general, an urban population tends
to have an older age composition than a
rural population as a result of the fertility
factor.
b.3 eace and Order Situation (War)
Immediate post-
post-war periods bring about a baby
boom and a resultant younger population
Ôales Females
Since population pyramids represent the age and
sex distribution of a population, this
representation may take on various shapes,
some of which do not resemble a pyramid at all.
Several types of population pyramids and their
unique features are represented by the
following figures
pype 1 pyramid has a broad base and
gently sloping sides. phis pyramid is
typical of countries with high rates of
birth and death. phe population can also
be characterized as having a low median
age and high dependency ratio.
pype 2, compared to pype 1,
has a broader base and its
sides bow in much more
sharply as they slant from the
0-4 age group to the top. phis
second type of pyramid is
typical of countries that are
beginning to grow rapidly
because of marked reduction
in infant and child mortality,
but are not yet reducing their
fertility. As a consequence of
a rapidly increasing
population, the median age is
decreasing.
phe third type of pyramid does
not resemble a pyramid at all,
but an old-fashioned beehive.
phis age-sex structure is
typical of countries with levels
of birth and death rates found
in the Western European
countries. Because of the low
birth rates, the median age is
highest and its dependency
ratio is lowest compared with
other age-sex structures. phe
dependents are mostly
elderlies.
phe fourth type of pyramid,
a bell-shaped one, is a
transitional type of pyramid.
phis represents a
population which, after
more than 100 years of
declining birth and death
rates, has reversed the
trend in fertility while
maintaining the death rate
at low levels.
phe last type of population
pyramid represents a
population which is
experiencing a marked and
rapid decline in fertility. If this
decline continues, however,
the absolute loss in numbers
will soon become apparent.
phe population represented
by this pyramid has usually a
low death rate and as
mentioned above, has
reduced its birth rate very
rapidly
3)))
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1. Sex Ratio
2. Dependency Ratio
!
- refers to the occurrence of events over a given interval
of time relative to the size of the population at risk of the
event during the same time interval.
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= potal deaths, all causes x F
Average Population
a)Age-specific-death rate
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b) Age-and-sex specific death rate
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ù1
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"/45
ù1
= No. of deaths below 28 days x F
Total livebirths
ã 1
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Deaths among women directly due to
pregnancy, labor & puerperium xF
potal livebirths
measure the risk of dying from causes associated with childbirth
O
" "/%
- refers to diseases or sickness
&
'
= Yo. of Yew Cases of Dse. over a prd. of time x F
Population at risk
O this is a broad term & the figures in the
numerator is usually obtained from
notification during an interval of time,
usually a year and hence are usually
underenumerated
+1,'"
= No. of existing old & new cases at a point in time x F
Total opulation
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)""/%
Most commonly used of fertility rates are:
ã1! "45
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+1 )""/4 )5
= No. of livebirths in 1 year xF
No. of Women 15-15-44 yrs
Definitions
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Reverse estimate
= O
=
=
( O
Average estimate
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This method yields estimates of net migration by age and sex without
nearly as much labour as is involved in the use of deaths by age
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