Immunology

Kapita Selekta
E. A. JALAL
Immunology

is the study of the body’s

defense against infection
The responses we make against
infection are known as immune
responses
Epithelial barrier Complement activation Dendritic cells migrate Specific antibody
Antibacterial peptides Pahagocytes to lymph node T-cell dependent
Phagocytes Cytokines T-Cells activation Macrophages activation
NK cells Chemokines Initiating adaptive Cytotoxic T cells
Wound healing Macrophage activation immunity
Respons to an initial infection occurs in three phases
Respons to an initial infection occurs in three phases
Immune
system
is
A variety of
effector
cells and
molecules
that protect
the body
Innate immunity cells
NK cells
NKT cells
γ δ T lymphocytes
Macrophage
Dendritic cells
 Adaptive Immune Response
Lymphocytes

TH0

TH2
M

TH1

TH2

Humoral Cellular
CD8
response response
Antigen presentation to T lymphocyte
T lymphocyte activation
TH Differentiation
T-Cells Mediated Immunity
 Germinal center

Humoral immune response is mediated by

Antibody molecules secreted by plasma cells Medullary cords and sinuses
Humoral Immune Response
.....if immunity gone wrong…
• Allergy and Hypersensitivity
• Autoimmunity
• Failure of Host Defense Mechanism
– Immunodeficiency Diseases
– Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
What is allergy ?

• Allergy is an abnormal over-

reaction of the immune
system toward an antigens
that are normally not
harmful.
 Components of allergy
• Allergen
• Immunoglobulin E productions
• Mast cells sensitization
• Mast cells degranulation
• Clinical effects
 Allergens

• Are antigens that selectively

evoke CD4+ TH2 cells that
drive IgE response
• Practically could be any
substance
Mechanisms IgE
IL-4
B-cell
Allergen
APC
Th2 Eosinophils +
IL-4
CD80/86
CD28
HLA
TCR IL-5 Allergic
IL-12 IT - + response
IFN-g
CD4
T cell

IT
- TGF- b
-
Treg
IL-10
+
IgG
IFN-g B-cell
Th1
Allergies can present in many
forms, a multi-organ disease.

• Conjunctivitis allergica
• Allergic rhinitis
• Asthma
• Urticaria
For someone to have an allergic reaction,
they have to be sensitized to the allergen.
Type I Hypersensitivity
(Allergic Reaction)

Occur when an
individual who has
produced IgE antibody
as a result of previous
contact to an allergen,
subsequently
encounters the same
allergen.
Immunoglobulin E

• The antibodies involved

in allergies
• Produced by plasma
cells located in lymph
nodes
• Isotype switching from
IgM requires TH2
secreted IL-4
• IgE-mediated responses
are important in
resistance to parasitic
infection
 IgE distribution

•Predominantly localized in
tissues
•Under the epithelial of the
skin, intestinal mucosa,
respiratory tract and body
cavities
•Tightly bound to mast cells
surface through high-affinity
IgE receptor: FcεRI
 Mast Cells
Degranulation
• Primary mediators,
Immediate response /
Preformed
– Histamines
– Proteases
– Chemotactic factors

• Secondary Mediators /
synthesized mediators /
Late phase reaction
– Leukotrienes
– Prostaglandin
– PAF
Mast cells

• Derived from progenitors in the

bone marrow
• Not found in the blood
circulation
• Matured in peripheral tissue
• Two types of mast cells:
– Connective tissue mast cells
• In the skin
– Mucosal mast cells
• Alveoli, intestinal mucosa
• Expressed high-affinity IgE Fc
receptor (FcRI)
 Mast cells
activation
• Mast cells
activation
occurs when
the bound
IgE is cross-
linked by
multivalent
antigen
How is allergy diagnosed?
• A good medical
history
• Skin Prick Tests
• RAST
(radioallergosorbent
test)
• Double-Blind, Food
Challenge