ME 231

FLUID MECHANICS
Session 012

Instructor: Dr. Yaling Liu

Syllabus and Homework
Instructions
 Chapter 1
Introduction
 Fluids are every where

• Weather, climate (Meteorology)

• Rivers, oceans (Environmental)
• Flow over aircraft (Aerospace)
• Airbag (Mechanical)
• Blood flow (Biomedcial)
• Others: drinking water
 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Aerospace Vehicle Design
 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Automobile
 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Ship design
 Aerospace: Flying Flexible Wing

Airfoil–flow angle: 14° (2D setting, 3D tetrahedral elements)

Re: 200 – 400, Length: 4 cm, Inflow: 10.3 cm/s, Density: 1 g/cm,
Viscosity: 0.2 - 0.1 g cm / s, Elements: 17181, Nodes: 5840.
Movie
 Mechanical: 3D Inflatable Structure

Movie
 Biomedical
Heart diagram Artificial Heart (AbioCor)

From ABIOMED, Inc.

 AbioCor - Principle of Operation
Blood out to Blood out to
Aorta Pulmonary
Arteries

Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle

Left Atrium
Right Atrium

Oxygen Rich
Blood from
Pulmonary Veins
Oxygen Poor Blood from
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava

AbioCor has two blood pumping chambers • Mimics native heart

•The right side pumps blood into the lungs • Responds to demand
•the left side pumps the blood into the body • Few moving parts
 Heart model
Blood Out (Sink)

Blood In (Source)

Blood In (Source)

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Dynamics of Large Systems Involving Large Deformation of

Heart Muscles and Valves Courtesy of Peskin and McQueen
 Approaches in fluid study

• Theoretical (analytical solution, differential equation)

• Numerical (CFD, approximate solution by computers)

• Experimental (measurements, velocity, pressure, etc)

 What is fluid mechanics?

• Fluid Mechanics is the science of the mechanics of

liquids and gasses
• It is based on the same fundamental principles that
are employed in the mechanics of solids.
• Fluid dynamics may be divided into three branches:
– Fluid Statics: is the study of the mechanics of fluids at rest;
– Fluid Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines
without considering forces or energy;
– Fluid Dynamics (kinetics): is concerned with the relation
between velocities and accelerations and the forces exerted
by or upon fluids in motion.
What is Fluid?

Definition:
It deforms continuously under the application of shear stress.

Solid Fluid
F F
t1
 t0 t2

 

 

Introduction A. Oztekin © 2005 16

 Characteristics of Fluids

• All matter in nature is found in the form of solid, liquid, or gas

and often in a mixture of them - three phases.
• Because of their similarity in dynamic behavior, the two phases,
liquid and gas – are designated as FLUIDS.
• Comparing with a solid, a fluid
– Does not have a predetermined shape, but rather assume the shape of the
container.
– Can not resist externally applied lateral (shear) forces, but instead deforms
continuously under the influence of such forces.
– Has “large” molecular spacing relative to a solid and “weak”
intermolecular cohesive force
Basic Equations
- Laws
•Conservation of mass

•F = m a

•M = dH / dt ( angular momentum law)

•First law of Thermodynamics

•Second Law of Thermodynamics

•Constitutive Equations: Rigid Body

Elastic Solid:   = E  ,  = G 
Ideal Gas:  P =  R T
Introduction A. Oztekin © 2005 18
A. Oztekin © 2005
 Continuum Hypothesis
Microscopic View: Fluids are composed of molecules in constant motion and collision.

Macroscopic View: Fluids are made of tightly packed particles that interact with
each other. Each particle consists of numerous molecules.

P: Fluid particle VP: velocity vector, average molecular velocities

Continuum Hypothesis: Fluids are made of tightly packed particles that occupy a
mathematical point with zero dimensions; fluid properties, which are in reality the
local average behavior of the molecules around the point, can be thought of as
varying continually in space.
The Continuum assumption allows the use of differential calculus and other related
mathematical tools in the analysis of distributed physical systems.
 Dimensions and Dimensional Homogeneity

• Dimensions
– Qualitatively describe physical qauntities
– Basic dimensions: Length (L), Time (T), and Mass (M) – MLT system
Length (L), Time (T), and Force (F) – FLT system
– All physical quantities can be dimensionally given in terms of the basic
dimensions, i.e. velocity (LT-1), Acceleration (LT-2), Force (MLT-2)
– Dimensionless: dimension = 1
• Dimensional homogeneity
– All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally homogeneous, e.g.
Dimensions - Units
symbol variable SI units US customary units
P pressure Pa ( = 1 N / m2 ) psi ( lb / in2 )

T temperature 0
K ( Kelvin) 0
R ( Rankine)

 density kg / m3 slugs / ft3 or lb sec2 / ft4

Primary dimensions in SI system: time, length, temperature, and

mass

Primary dimensions in US system: time, length, temperature, and

force
Secondary dimensions: velocity, acceleration, volume, flowrate, heat,
etc………
Introduction A. Oztekin © 2005 21
 Units

• Systems of Units
– Quantitatively describe the physical quantities.
– International System (SI)
• m (meter), s (second), and kg (kilogram) for length, time, and mass
• K (Kelvin) =0C +273.15 for temperature, N=kg  m / s2 for force, J = N  m for
work (energy or heat), W = J / s = N  m/s for power
– British Gravitational (BG) System
• ft (feet), s (second), and lb (pond) for length, time, and force
• 0R (Rankine) = 0F + 459.67 for temperature, slug = lb  s2 / ft for mass, Btu =
778.2 ft  lb for work (energy or heat), ft  lb/s for power
Example on units
The density of mercury is given as 26.3 slugs/ft3.
Calculate the specific gravity and specific volume ( in m3/kg ) of
mercury.

SG mercury =  Hg /  H O(at 4
2
0
C)

H O(at 4
2
0
C)= 1,000 kg/m3 = 1.94 slug/ft3 (From book tables A.7&8)

SG mercury = 26.3 / 1.94 = 13.56

Introduction A. Oztekin © 2005 23

Ex. on units cont.1
The density of mercury is given as 26.3 slugs/ft3.
Calculate the specific gravity and specific volume ( in m3/kg ) of
mercury.

1 1 ft 3
specific volume   
ρ 26.3 slug
1 ft 3 1 slug 1 lbm 1 ft 3
 
26.3 slug 32.174 lbm 0.453592 kg 383.819 kg
3
1 ft  12 in 0.0254 m 
3
  
383.819 kg  1 ft 1 in 


 12  0.0254 m 3
3 3
 7.38  10 5 m3
383.819 kg kg
Introduction A. Oztekin © 2005 24
Ex. on units cont.2
The density of mercury is given as 26.3 slugs/ft3. Calculate its
specific weight ( in lb / ft3 ) on the moon where g = 5.47 ft / sec2

slug ft
γ moon  ρ mercury  g moon  26.3 3  5.47 2

ft sec
ft
slug
sec 2 lb
 26.3  5.47 3
 143.861 3
ft ft

Introduction A. Oztekin © 2005 25

 Homework

• See calendar