ILMU

LINGKUNGAN
RESOURCES
 Natural Resources

 Resources is something which meets perceived needs or

wants
 Natural resources is a structure and process, either
biotic or abiotic which is used by human to fulfill
their needs
 Become available through a combination of increased
knowledge, improving technology, changing individual and
social objectives
 Natural resources are defined by attitudes, wants, technical
skills, legal, functional, and institutional arrangements and
political costume
Characteristics:
- utility,
- quantity (often in terms of availability)
- use in producing other resources.

Value, depends upon several factors:

 The needs of the people
 The level of technology possessed by the people
 The level of technology
 Time
 Natural Resources

Natural resources – economic and non economic

criteria determine utility

Economic – factors of production

 It is focused on their role in the production of good or
services, from which satisfaction or utility is obtained in
consumption
 Those with actual value, option value, intrinsic value
 Resources demand changes as human perception alter, new
technology, fashions, substitution of new materials
 Natural Resources

Non Economic
aesthetic quality, sense of moral duty to conserve wildlife,
cultural importance, and religious beliefs

Classification
 Those that can be safely stretched by humans

 Those that can be stretched with care

 Those which cannot or should not be stretched

 Natural Resources

Resources

Renewable Non Renewable

Renewable Renewable but

Energy flow exhaustible stock

Renewable Renewable
biological stock physical stock
What is "Air"?
 Air is a non-homogenous mixture of gases, solid
particles, and liquids.
 Air is characterized as an aerosol.
 Gases and particles with small settling velocity that
exhibit stability in a gravitational field.
 Atmosphere layers
Troposphere 0-17 kilometers (¾ 11 miles)
Stratosphere 17-50
Mesosphere 50-90
Ionosphere 90-100
 95% of the air by weight is contained in the
Troposphere.
 Nominal Composition

Major Components
(99%) in % by w or fraction of total molecules*
Percentage by Fraction of Total
Component
Weight Molcules

N2 75.51 0.7808

O2 23.14 0.2095

Ar 1.28 0.0093

Water Vapor 0.0004

* Fractions of total molecules
 Minor Components

Component ppm (parts per million**)

Carbon dioxide
325.0
CO2
Ne 18.0

He 5.0

CH4 2.0

Kr 1.0

H2 0.5

N2O 0.5

Xe 0.1

** 325 ppm means that 325 of each 1 million particles is CO2

 Homework
Please clarify the function of all air comopnents
(major and minor).
II. What is the greenhouse effect?
 Greenhouse effect

 Like glass in a greenhouse or in your car in the sun

 Earth maintains its temperature because of its
atmosphere.
Between 0 ° C and < 100 ° C
 Why?
 The moon is at the same place in the solar system and it
is at an average of -18 ° C (0 ° F), with extremes of -150
° C to +100 ° C Average temperature of Earth is 15 ° C
(59 ° F)
Thermal barrier to prevent Tropospheric mixing
with Stratosphere.
Ozone layer in stratosphere also acts as a
thermocline to prevent mixing
OZONE LAYER
 Biogeochemical Cycling

uv H

O H2O H2O O2 + CO—CO2

O2 O2 OH

O3 O
OZONE LAYER O2
OXIDATIVE
WEATHERING
PHYTOPLANKTON CO2
What wavelengths are involved with the
conversion of energy?
 The sun is our only source of energy.
It transmits ~86% of this energy at 400nm-700 nm
(0.4 to 0.7 µ m) -- the visible light spectrum.
 ~7% is transmitted at < 400 nm (UV).
 ~7 % is transmitted at > 700 nm or (IR).
 Light from Sun enters Earth as UV-VIS and leaves
as IR Transparent to components in air on the way
in and not as transparent to air components on the
way out.
 Greenhouse effect
"Sunlight is degraded and shifted from UV-VIS on interaction with Earth to
IR and spectral differences cause absorption of IR by atmospheric
components the shift in the components changes the % of IR retained in the
atmosphere"

Radiation depends on the temperature of the object doing the radiation. The
Sun {surface} temperature is 6000 ° C yielding radiation primarily in the
visible radiation band.

Earth is 10-30 ° C and radiates at 4,000 to 100,000 nm { 4 to 100 µ m } in the

IR band.
H2O vapor strongly absorbs radiation 4,000 nm to 7,000 nm { 4-7 µ m }
CO2 gas strongly absorbs radiation 7,000 to 13,000 nm { 7-13 µ m }
 Greenhouse Effect

 About 70% of the IR radiation escapes the earth, but about

30% is absorbed by CO2, H2O, etc. and warms the
troposphere and the earth's surface. Both radiate IR in all
directions to earth & to space.

 An equilibrium is established which accounts for the

earth's surface temperature this is the greenhouse effect. It
is an increase in the shift of this equilibrium that will
increase the average temperature of the earth's surface.

 UV-VIS + Earth transformed to Heat (IR) + absorbed by

Atm (CO2)
 III. Major Greenhouse Gases
 In addition to CO2 and H2O, other gases also absorb radiation
between 7,000 nm and 13,000 nm {7-13 µ m}. Specifically CH4
(methane), NOx, CFCs, and O3. Hydrocarbons (petroleum, gasoline,
natural gas, etc.)
 Methane is 1.7 ppm in atmospheric concentration and increasing by
1.2% per year.
 From bacteria, termites, cows (ruminating animals) and anthropogenic
sources such as the release of natural gas, we are increasing CO2 level.
 How do we know? Are we sure?
 Earth's temperature has fluctuated over geologic time of earth
 Ice ages last about 100,000 years each
 Warmer periods last 10,000 to 13,000 years between (interglacial
periods)
 We are 10,000 years into this interglacial period
 Ice age to warm period change sea level by 300 ft
 With ice ages and interglacial periods CO2 levels fluctuate and
dramatic changes have previously occurred. But not at this rate of
change
 IV. Facts Confusing & Confirming the
Greenhouse Issue:
 Next Ice age due in 2,500 years
 In the past 160,000 H2O has remained relatively
constant but CO2 has fluctuated by a factor of 2
 Earth surface temperature seems to follow CO2
 Levels of greenhouse gasses has risen and most is
anthropogenic
CO2 and CFCs accounting for 55% of increase
 IV. Facts Confusing & Confirming the
Greenhouse Issue:
 US emits largest quantity of greenhouse gasses (18% of global
emissions) Compared to:
13.5% Soviet Union
9.1% China
5% Japan
4% India
4% Brazil
3.4% Germany
 Deforestation may account for 20-33% of rise in CO2
Oceans have absorbed 30-50% of emitted CO2
Estimated rise of 0.3 to 0.6 ° C since 1860
8 out of 13 years were hotter than normal from 1980 - 92
 IV. Facts Confusing & Confirming the
Greenhouse Issue:
Sources of CO2
 Fossil-fuel burning
 Deforestation
 Clearing and burning

"We don't know enough about how Earth works to make accurate
projections about the possible effects of our inputs of
greenhouse gases on global and regional climates and on the
biosphere."
Example of prediction problem -
Mount Pinatubo Philippine volcano - could cause 0.6 ° C
lowering by reflection of light from aerosols it placed in upper
troposphere.
Mathematical models predict a 1.5 to 5.5 ° C
temperature range rise by 2050
Sun output power varies by 0.1% in 11 and
80 year cycles
Man and nature stir up dust that reflects light
before it reaches the Earth and these
effects cool the Earth
V. Potential Adverse Effects of Global
Warming
 "Different consequences for different people
living in different places"
 Water availability - droughts
 Water levels of the ocean - ice caps melting
 30-70% drop in food production world wide
 What do we know for certain

 CO2 levels and other Greenhouse gases are

increasing
 We do not know the result
 Denial and Delay
 Energy conservation
 Energy shifts to other forms
 What should we do?
Pembentukan
O2 + hv  2O (UV < 240 nm= UV C)
2O + 2O2  2O3

3O2  2O3

Penguraian
O3 + hv  O2 + O (UV <290 nm)
O3 + O  2O2

2O3  3O2
Lubang ozon

2ClO  Cl2O2
Cl2O2 + hv  ClOO + Cl
ClOO + M  Cl + O2 + M
2 (Cl + O3  ClO + O2)
2O3  3O2
Reaksi Umum
X + O3  XO + O2
O + XO  X + O2
O + O3  2O2

Atau
X + O3  XO + O2
XO + O3  X + 2O2
2O3  3O2

X = H, OH, dan NO
Ozon
90% di stratosfir
10% di troposfir

Ozon di troposfir
NO2 + hv  NO + O (UV <380 nm = UV-A)
O + O 2  O3
Diikuti reaksi
NO + O3  NO2 + O
Bila ada hidrokarbon dalam jumlah tinggi
NO + R-OO  NO2 + R-O

Bila ada CH4

CH4 + 4O2  CH2O + H2O + 2O3
On Earth, the major greenhouse gases :
water vapor (not including clouds) 36 - 70 %
CO2 9 - 26 %
CH4 4 - 9 %
O3 3 - 7 %

The issue is how the strength of the greenhouse effect

changes when human activity increases the atmospheric
concentrations of some greenhouse gases