DEFINITION/ DESIGN
CHARACTERISTIC
CONCEPT CONSIDERATION
TYPES/ CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGY
DEFINITION/CONCEPT.
>1.2 metres from ground level
one or more floors of a building that are either completely or
partially below the ground floor.
used as a utility space for a building
furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-
conditioning system are located; so also are amenities such as the
electrical distribution system, and cable television distribution point.
used exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground
floor of a house or other building
use of basements depends on specific geographical area factors
such as:
climate, soil, seismic activity, building technology, and real estate
economics
DEFINITION
/CONCEPT.
Axial load
from building
superstructure
Loads from
superstructure
dispersed to Moisture
ground penetration
CHARACTERISTIC.
Numerous engineering problems are encountered as construction works are going deeper and deeper
down into the ground
existence of complicated sub-soil,
groundwater table
overcoming of tremendous soil pressure,
the provision of complicated temporary support works,
working in congested underground or
sensitive nearby environment
Due to the problems encountered, construction of deep basement:
is very expensive,
time consuming,
inconsistent and sensitive to the quality of planning and management of individual projects
such works are highly hazardous, both to human operatives and the life and properties of third parties within the site
vicinity
CHARACTERISTIC.
Consist of a slab raft foundation which forms the basement floor and helps
distribute the structural loads transmitted down the retaining walls
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
B a s e m e n t - Box & Cellular Raft
Similar to retaining wall & raft except that internal walls are used to transmit &
spread loads over raft as well as dividing basement into cells.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
B a s e m e n t - Pile Basement
The main superstructure loads are carried to the basement floor level by columns
where they are finally transmitted to ground via pile cap & bearing piles.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
Construction Method
Use battered
excavation sides cut
back to a safe angle
of repose thus
eliminating the need
for temporary
support works to the
sides of the
excavation.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
OPEN CUT CONSTRUCTION.
The cut and cover construction technique has been used for
many years as a means for building underground
transportation facilities.
This method involves the installation of temporary walls to
support the sides of the excavation, a bracing system, control
of ground water, and underpinning of adjacent structures,
where necessary.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
CUT & COVER.
builds the permanent structure members of the basement along with the excavation from
the top to the bottom
basement floors are constructed as the excavation progresses
tieback installation not feasible and soil movements had to be minimized
provides the significant saving of the overall construction time
construction begins with retaining wall installation then load-bearing elements that will
carry the future super-structure
basement columns (typically steel beams) are constructed before any excavation takes
place and rest on the load bearing elements
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION:
Construction Methodology.
1. Earthworks
2. Retaining Structure –
Diaphragm Wall
3. Bore Piling + Plunge in
Column
4. Deep Excavation
5. R.C Works- Columns,
Beams , Slabs
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION:
Advantages.
DEFINITION/ DESIGN
COMPONENTS
CONCEPT CONSIDERATION
TYPES/ CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGY
DEFINITION/CONCEPT.
A retaining wall is a structure that holds or
retains soil behind it.
There are many types of materials that can
be used to create retaining walls like
concrete blocks, poured concrete, treated
timbers, rocks or boulders.
To retain soil at a slope which is greater than
it would naturally assume, usually at a
vertical or near vertical position.
DEFINITION/CONCEPT.
The material retained or supported by a retaining wall is called
backfill.
Backfill may have its top surface horizontal or inclined.
The position of the backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the
elevation of top of wall is called surcharge & its inclination to the
horizontal is called as Surcharge angle.
Retaining walls have primary function of retaining soils at an angle in
excess of the soil’s nature angle of repose
BASIC FUNCTION.
Angle of repose – the natural slope taken up by any soil
measured from horizontal
Hold soil back to create an abrupt change in elevation of the
ground
Usually at a vertical or near vertical position of soil or bank
Design to offer the necessary resistance by using its own
mass to resist the thrust or relying upon the principle of
leverage
COMPONENTS.
1. Front face
2. Sloping/battered
face
3. Drainage/weep
holes
4. Rear face
5. Straight/vertical face
6. Stem
7. Toe
8. Heel
9. Base or foundation
10.Wedge of retained
earth
DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
Walls within the design height range are designed to provide the
necessary resistance by either their own mass or by the principles
of leverage.
Design consideration to ensure that:
Overturning of the wall does not occur
Forward sliding does not occur
Materials used are suitable
The subsoil is not overloaded
DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
Nature and types of soils
Height of water table – hydrostatic pressure on the rear face
of the wall
Subsoil water movement
Types of wall
Materials used in construction of wall
DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
Ground water behind retaining wall will have adverse effect upon
the design and stability
It will increase the pressure on the back of the wall by reducing the
soil shear strength, it can reduces the bearing capacity of the soil
It can reduces the friction resistance between base and the soil
Therefore the question of drainage behind the retaining wall is
important in the design
DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
CANTILEVER
PILING
ANCHORED
CLASSIFICATION The “gravity wall” resists the earths
/TYPES. pressure exerted by backfill by its own
GRAVITY WALL self weight (dead load).
It is usually built in stone masonry, and
occasionally in plain concrete.
provides stability by virtue of its own
weight , and therefore, is rather
massive in size
Plain concrete gravity walls are not
used for heights exceeding about 3m,
for economic reasons
CLASSIFICATION Stress developed is very low.
/TYPES. These walls are so proportioned that
GRAVITY WALL
no tension is developed anywhere
and the resultant of forces remain
within the middle third of the base
CLASSIFICATION
/TYPES.
GRAVITY WALL
CLASSIFICATION The “Cantilever wall ” is the most
/TYPES.
CANTILEVER WALL
common type of retaining
structure
Generally economical for heights
up to about 8m.
This cantilever wall (which may also
extend in the other direction) uses
the same earth pressure trying to
topple it to stabilize itself with a
second lever arm.
CLASSIFICATION “Stem” acts as a vertical cantilever
/TYPES. under the lateral earth pressure
CANTILEVER WALL
“Heel slab” acts as a horizontal
cantilever under the action of
weight of the retained earth
(minus soil pressure acting upwards
from below)
“Toe slab ” acts as a cantilever
under the action of resulting soil
pressure acting upward
CLASSIFICATION
/TYPES.
CANTILEVER WALL
CLASSIFICATION These walls are pinned both top and bottom using
/TYPES. cables, or other stays, which are anchored in the
ANCHOR WALL rock or soil behind it.
Anchors are driven into the material and then
expanded at the end of the cable, either by
mechanical means or by injecting pressurized
concrete into the hole.
The wall may be embedded at the base and tied to
a slab at the top or to a “deadman anchor” — a
concrete structure which is driven into the ground
or anchored to the earth with sufficient resistance.
The horizontal cable, rod or helical anchor, and
deadman structure resists forces that would
otherwise cause the wall to become unstable.
CLASSIFICATION Using long piles, this wall is fixed by soil
/TYPES. on both sides of its lower length.
PILE WALL
The piles themselves can resist the
bending forces, this wall can take high
loads
CLASSIFICATION Used to build continuous walls for waterfront
/TYPES. structures and for temporary construction wall
PILE WALL: heights > 6 m if used with anchors.
Sheet Pile
Can be made of steel, plastics, wood, pre-
cast concrete.
Advantages:
Provides higher resistance to driving stresses;
Is of an overall lighter weight;
Can be reused on several projects;
Provides a long service life above or below the
water table;
Easy to adapt the pile length by either welding or
bolting; and
CLASSIFICATION Large and small diameter bored cast-in-
/TYPES. place piles are often used to construct
PILE WALL: efficient and economic temporary or
Bored Pile permanent retaining walls.
These walls are suitable for deep basements,
underpasses, tunnel portals and other
underground structures particularly where
working space is limited and adjacent
structures require support.
They minimise bulk excavation and help to
control ground movements and groundwater
ingress.
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY.
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY.
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