Fernandez, Guevarra, Leyble, Ilagan

4BIO2 Group 4
Key Terms:
• Metabolism

• Metabolic Rate

• Basal metabolic rate

• EcoChamber

• Hypothyroidism and
Hyperthyroidism
Body size - directly proportional to metabolic weight; metabolic rate
increase as weight, height and surface area increase
- DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL ; higher temperature
impose additional metabolic load
Hormonal Levels - thyroxine has significant effect on metabolic rate
 Oxygen consumption per hour
𝑚𝐿 𝑂2 𝑂2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 (𝑚𝐿) 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= ∗
ℎ𝑟 (𝑡) 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟

Metabolic rate
𝑂2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 (𝑚𝐿) 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
∗
(𝑡) 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑘𝑔)
 16 75 100
Oxygen Consumed per Hour

Oxygen Consumed per Hour

70 95

Oxygen Consumed per Hour

15 90
65
85

14 60 80
75
55
70
13
50 65
60
12 45
55
2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
10 20 30 40
Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g)
Specimen Weight O2 Consumed O2 Consumed per hour Metabolic Rate
0.0028 3.3 13.2 4714.29
Fish 0.0051 3.3 13.2 2588.24
0.0052 3.3 13.2 2538.46
0.0059 0.25 15 2542.37
0.006 0.25 15 2500.00
0.0065 0.25 15 2307.69
Average 0.0053 1.8 14.10 2865.17 Legend Time
Specimen Weight O2 Consumed O2 Consumed per hour Metabolic Rate
0.0109 8.4 50.4 4623.85 Group 1 10
Chick

0.0122 8.4 50.4 4131.15

0.0285 10.0 70.59 2476.78
Group 2 10
0.0294 10.0 70.59 2400.96 Group 3 8.5
0.0295 8.4 50.4 1708.47
0.0302 10.0 70.59 2337.36
Group 4 5
Average 0.0235 9.2 60.49 2946.43 Group 5 1
Specimen Weight O2 Consumed O2 Consumed per hour Metabolic Rate Group 8 15
0.012 10 60 5000.00
Mouse

0.016 10 60 3750.00
0.0186 8 96 5161.29
0.0335 10 60 1791.04
0.0334 8 96 2874.25
0.038 8 96 2526.32
Average 0.0253 9.0 78.00 3517.15
 1. What are some factors that affect the metabolic rate of animals?
Body size, temperature and hormonal levels, age and sex
influence metabolic rate
2. What is the relationship between temperature and metabolic rate?

Temperature and metabolic rate are directly proportional.

Metabolism proceed faster at higher temperatures.
3. What is the relationship between the size of the animal and its metabolic rate?

Metabolism per unit of mass decreases as body size increases

for all organisms.

4. What is hypothyroidism? Hyperthyroidism? Which is manifested by low metabolic

rate? A high metabolic rate?

Hypothyroidism is the abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland

Hyperthyroidism is the over-activity of the thyroid gland

The smaller the animal, the higher its metabolic rate and vice versa. This
can be attributed to the surface area-to-volume ratio, wherein the smaller
the body tissue, the greater its surface area to accommodate more
metabolizing tissue. On the other hand, temperature can also affect the
metabolic rate as some animals maintain homeostasis by generating heat
by increasing their body temperature while some animals change their
body temperature according to the changes in the environment.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY: METABOLISM
AND THYROID HORMONE

S. A. Fernandez, J. S. Guevarra, P. S. Leyble and S. V. Ilagan

4B2
Introduction
◦ Metabolism

◦ Thyroid gland

◦ Pituitary gland

◦ Goiter
Rats used in the Hormones
Experiment injected in Rats
◦ Normal Rats ◦ Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)

◦ Thyroidectomized (Tx)
◦ Thyroxine
◦ Hypophysectomized
(Hypox)
◦ Propylthiouracil
 Results and Discussion
Table 1. Basal Metabolic Rate of Rats
Rat Weight mL O2/min mL O2/hr BMR Palpation Injected
Normal 250 7 420 1680 No mass none
Normal 250 8.4 504 2016 No mass Thyroxine
Normal 250 8 480 1920 Mass TSH
Normal 250 6.2 372 1488 Mass PTU
Tx 245 6.2 372 1518 No mass none
Tx 245 7.7 462 1886 No mass Thyroxine
Tx 245 6.3 378 1543 No mass TSH
Tx 245 6.2 372 1518 No mass PTU
Hypox 245 6.3 378 1543 No mass none
Hypox 245 7.8 468 1910 No mass Thyroxine
Hypox 245 7.7 462 1886 Mass TSH
Hypox 245 6.2 372 1518 No mass PTU
 Observations

◦ Normal rats has a higher metabolic rate due to the normal functioning
of both their thyroid and pituitary glands.

◦ Injections of both TSH and thyroxine raised the metabolic rate of the rats

◦ PTU brought the normal rats metabolic rate down

◦ TSH and PTU cause goiter development in intact thyroid

Negative Feedback System
Conclusion

◦ TSH is an important hormone which stimulates the

production of thyroxine which in turn increases the
metabolic rate of rats which may be normal or surgically
altered.

◦ Overstimulation of TSH or impaired thyroxine secretions may

lead to the development of goiters.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY:
HORMONE
REPLACEMENT
THERAPY
S. A. Fernandez, J. S. Guevarra, P. S. Leyble and S. V. Ilagan
 Introduction
 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is released by the pituitary gland
which stimulates ovarian growth in females and spermatogenesis in
males.
 Estrogen- produced when follicles are developing which mainly
targets the uterus and enables the endometrium of the uterus to
grow and develop.
 It is also important in the stimulation of bone growth for protection
against osteoporosis.
 Osteoporosis – is a diseases wherein the density and quality of the
bones are reduced becoming porous and fragile. Having an
increased risk of fracture.
 Calcitonin- a hormone used to counteract the development of
osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast activity and regulate calcium and
phosphate levels in the blood, because increased levels of calcium
will unable the formation of new bone.

 Ovariectomy- the removal of ovaries will lead to the removal of the

source of estrogen and cause the uterus to slowly atrophy. It is also
associated with the development of osteoporosis and increased risk
of fractures.
■ T-scores is a quantitative measure of the
mineral bone content of the bone as an
indicator of the structural strength of the
bone
■ T-scores:
– Normal (+1 to -0.99)
– Osteopenia (-1 to -2.49)
– Osteoporosis ( -2.5 or higher)
 Results
Table 1. Rats treated with saline, calcitonin and estrogen

Elapsed Saline Estrogen Calcitonin

Rat T score
Days Injections Injections Injections
Control 7 7 0 0 -2.82
Estrogen 7 0 7 0 -1.73
Calcitonin 7 0 0 7 -2.08
 The saline-treated (control), estrogen-treated and calcitonin-treated
rats had T-scores of -2.82, -1.68 and -2.18 respectively.

 The saline treated rat developed osteoporosis by having a T-score

greater than 2.5, indicating that a high salt intake increase calcium
losses in urine.

 Both calcitonin and estrogen was effective in countering

osteoporosis by promoting the activity of the osteoblasts which
increases bone mass.
 Conclusion

Estrogen and calcitonin both appeared effective in improving

vertebral bone density, moving rats from the category of
osteoporotic (T score below -2.5) to osteopenic (T score
between -1 and -2.5).