VECTOR CALCULUS
VECTOR CALCULUS
16.9
The Divergence Theorem
C
F n ds div F( x, y) dA
D
Let:
E be a simple solid region and let S be
the boundary surface of E, given with positive
(outward) orientation.
F be a vector field whose component functions
have continuous partial derivatives on an open
region that contains E.
Then,
F dS div FdV
S E
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
Let F = P i + Q j + R k
P Q R
Then, div F
x y z
P Q R
dV dV dV
E
x E
y E
z
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
F dS F n dS
S S
P i Q j R k n dS
S
P i n dS Q j n dS R k n dS
S S S
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof—Eqns. 2-4
Q
S Q j n dS
E
y
dV
R
S R k n dS
E
z
dV
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
E
x, y, z x, y D, u x, y z u
1 2 x, y
R u2 x, y R
dV x, y, z dz dA
E
z D u1 x , y z
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof—Equation 5
R
E
z
dV
R x, y, u2 x, y R x, y, u1 x, y dA
D
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
Thus,
R k n dS
S3
0 dS 0
S3
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof—Equation 6
R k n dS R k n dS R k n dS
S S1 S2
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
R x, y, u x, y dA
D
2
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
So, we multiply
by –1:
R k n dS
S1
R x, y, u1 x, y dA
D
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
R k n dS
S
R x, y, u2 x, y R x, y, u1 x, y dA
D
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
4
V B 1
4 3
3
3
DIVERGENCE Example 2
Evaluate
S
F dS
where:
2
F(x, y, z) = xy i + (y2 + exz ) j + sin(xy) k
S is the surface of
the region E bounded
by the parabolic
cylinder z = 1 – x2
and the planes
z = 0, y = 0, y + z = 2
DIVERGENCE Example 2
Then, we have:
F dS
S
div F dV
E
3 y dV
E
1 1 x 2 2 z
3 y dy dz dx
1 0 0
DIVERGENCE Example 2
2 z
2
1 1 x 2
3 dz dx
1 0 2
1 x 2
3 1 2 z
3
dx
2 1 3 0
x 1 8 dx
1 3
1 2
21
x 3 x 3 x 7 dx 184
1
6 4 2
0 35
UNIONS OF SIMPLE SOLID REGIONS
div F dV F dS
E S
F n dS
S
F n1 dS F n 2 dS
S1 S2
F dS F dS
S1 S2
APPLICATIONS—ELECTRIC FIELD
Q
E x 3
x
x
E dS E dS div E dV
S2 S1 E
E dS
S1
E n dS
S2
APPLICATIONS—ELECTRIC FIELD
Therefore.
Q x Q Q Q
E n 3 x 4 x x 2 2
x x x x a
Thus, we have:
Q
E dS E n dS a dS
S2 S1
2
S1
Q
2
A S1
a
Q
2 4 a 2
a
4 Q
APPLICATIONS—ELECTRIC FIELD
Suppose:
P0(x0, y0, z0) is a point in the fluid.
Ba is a ball with center P0 and very small
radius a.
F dS div F dV
Sa Ba
div F P0 dV
Ba
div F P0 V Ba
APPLICATIONS—FLUID FLOW Equation 8
1
div F P0 lim F dS
a 0 V B
a Sa
SOURCE AND SINK