By: Ir.

Lou Chi Tong

 FORCE
eg.
COMPRESSION: F F

Ground Cavity

FORCE

FORCE FORCE FORCE

More stable and better
to counter compression
in a A-shaped structure

Rope Rope to take tension Rope Rope Rope Rope

extension extension
CAVITY Cavity
TENSION:

F F

Try to avoid as it consumed more

energy to resist point load

1x deflection
Load is distributed out
2x deflection
F F
F F
F
5F
 Link

Beam – Simply Supported Beam – Continuous

Span : Depth Span : Depth
Compression 1 : 20 1 : 26

Tension Steel Pre / Post-Tension

Span : Depth Span : Depth
1 : 18 - 20 1 : 35
Architect must try to design column position to be aligned (bottom to top) and avoid transfer.

Types of Column (Low-Rise):

1. Terrace House
(RAWANG)

• Avoid long span (3-4.5m)

• Avoid point load on beam
• Use longer column but
flushed with brick wall

e.g. Rawang housing

Terrace House (Rawang)
Arch drawing (Ground Floor) Structural drawing (Ground Floor)
Terrace House (Rawang)
Arch drawing (1st floor) Structural drawing (1st floor)
 2. Shoplot (7th mile shoplot)
Next page

Overall Arch Drawing (Ground Floor)

 Shoplot (7th mile)

Corner Unit

Intermediate Unit

Part of Arch Drawing (Ground Floor) e.g. 7th mile shoplot

 Shoplot (7th mile)

Corner Unit –
Adopt RC Beam
to shorten the
slab span

Intermediate Unit –
Flat Slab 1 transfer

Part of Structural Drawing (Ground Floor) 2 transfer

Shoplot (7th mile) Next page

Overall Arch Drawing (1st Floor) e.g. 7th mile shoplot

 Shoplot (7th mile)

Corner Unit

Intermediate Unit

Part of Arch Drawing (1st Floor)

 Shoplot (7th mile)

Corner Unit –
No choice but to
adopt RC Beam

Intermediate Unit –
Flat Slab

1 transfer

2 transfer
Part of Structural Drawing (1st Floor)
Types of Column (High-rise)
1. Residential + M&E
(2 elements)

Typical
Floor

M&E floor

e.g. Penang high-rise

Plan View (Penang high-rise)

Carpark placed
outside of building

M&E service and utility

at ground floor Good concept
building design

e.g. Penang high-rise

Typical Floor – Residential (Penang high-rise)

Every type of unit is corner unit e.g. Penang high-rise

Ground Floor – M&E service floor (Penang high-rise)

RC Wall allowed
to go down to
foundation.

e.g. Penang high-rise

2. Carpark (govern) + Flats
(2 elements)
Concept:
• Less than 20 storeys
• Use conventional structural system
(no transfer beam)

Disadvantage:
• Slow in construction
• Big columns in rooms Apartments

Carpark

e.g. Arang Road Apartment

Apartment (Arang Road Apartment)
Overall Arch Drawing (Typical Floor)

Next page
Apartment (Arang Road Apartment)
Arch Drawing (Typical Floor) Structural Drawing (Typical Floor)

Transfer 1

Transfer 3

Transfer 2
Transfer 1
Carpark (Arang Road Apartment)
Overall Arch Drawing (3rd Floor)

Next page
Carpark (Arang Road Apartment)
Arch Drawing (3rd Floor) Structural Drawing (3rd Floor)

Carparks

Driveway

Driveway Carparks
Arang Road Apartment (3D perspective)

Column all the way up

from bottom to top
3. Carpark + Residential
(2 elements)
• Shear wall and transfer beam
• Much more neat
• Elevation dwg – carpark +
transfer beam

e.g. Maya Kota Kinabalu

Apartment (Maya)
• Consist of three tower block
• Tower A – 26 stories
• Tower B – 21 stories
• Tower C - 16 stories
Apartment (Maya): Part of Architectural
Typical Floor Plan (Tower B)
Apartment (Maya): Part of Structural Typical
Floor Plan (Tower B)
Apartment (Maya): Part of Architectural
Transfer Floor Plan (Tower B) – Level 1
Apartment (Maya): Part of Structural Transfer
Floor Plan (Tower B) – Level 1
Apartment (Maya): Part of Architectural
Ground Floor Plan (Tower B)
Apartment (Maya): Part of Structural Ground
Floor Plan (Tower B)
Maya Kota Kinabalu
(3D perspective)
 Maya Kota Kinabalu

Transfer slab
4. Carpark + Commercial (govern) + Residential
(3 elements)

Residential

Transfer Floor

Carpark

Commercial

e.g. 34 storeys
Residential (34 storeys)
Overall Arch Drawing (Typical Floor)

Next page
Residential (34 storeys)
Arch Drawing (Typical Floor) Structural Drawing (Typical Floor)
Residential (34 storeys)
Overall Structural Drawing (Transfer Floor) Transfer Beam
Carpark (34 storeys)
Overall Arch Drawing (Carpark Floor)

Next page
Carpark (34 storeys)
Arch Drawing (Carpark Floor) Structural Drawing (Carpark Floor)

Carparks
Commercial (34 storeys)
Overall Arch Drawing (Ground Floor)

Next page
Commercial (34 storeys)
Arch Drawing (Ground Floor) Structural Drawing (Ground Floor)

Transfer 2
Transfer 1
34 storeys
5. Carpark (Basement 1-3) + Office (2 elements)
• Equal span, equal loading on both side

Office

Carpark

e.g. Putrajaya
Office (Putrajaya)
Overall Arch Drawing (Typical Floor)

Lift core in
the center Columns
very far from
center core

e.g. Putrajaya
Office (Putrajaya) Overall Structural Drawing (Typical Floor)

PT Flatslab PT Beam
system
13000

e.g. Putrajaya
6600
Carpark (Putrajaya)
Overall Arch Drawing (Basement Floor)

Next page
Carpark (Putrajaya)
Part of Arch Drawing (Basement Floor)

Carpark

Columns to
Lift core in suit carpark
the center
e.g. Putrajaya
Putrajaya
6. Carpark + Hotel (2 elements)

Hotel

Transfer Floor

Hotel Facilities

Carpark

e.g. Alam Mesra

Hotel (Alam Mesra)
Typical Floor
Hotel (Alam Mesra)
Part of Arch Drawing (Typical Floor) Part of Structural Drawing (Typical Floor)
Hotel (Alam Mesra)
Structural Transfer Floor

Shear wall on transfer beam

Hotel (Alam Mesra)
Overall of Arch Drawing (Basement Floor)

Next page
Hotel (Alam Mesra)
Part of Arch Drawing (Basement Floor) Part of Structural Drawing (Basement Floor)

Flat slab System

Alam Mesra 3D Perspective
 A) Structural Requirement

1. Deflection
2. Natural frequency
3. Acceleration
4. Dead load Deflection
 B
1. Deflection

Limit of the deflection

 To prevent cracks in architectural finishing work
Material Type of structure 𝜽𝒆
Frame 1/500
Reinforced Frame-wall, slab-column-wall, frame-core-tube 1/800
concrete Wall, tube-in-tube 1/1000
Frame-supporting stories of structure 1/1000

7B
Example 56 storeys
Example 34 storeys
Example Maya
Example Alam Mesra
2. Natural frequency
1
• Vibration limit of 0.22 – 0.3 to 3 Hz 𝑇(𝑠)
• Governed by mass of building

Natural Frequency of a Building

1 𝐾
𝑓=
2𝜋 𝑀

where,
f = natural frequency in Hertz
K = stiffness of building
M = mass of building

Time taken for one cycle

Example 56 storeys
Example 34 storeys
Example Maya
Example Alam Mesra
3. Acceleration
• Human respond to wind induced vibration in tall building had traditionally been evaluate by acceleration in the
horizontal plan.

Acceleration to suit human comfort

• people would not feel much sway at the top floor

𝑎 < 0.15𝑚/𝑠 2

Peak acceleration

Type of Structure 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Apartment, Flat, Condominium 0.15
Office, Hotel 0.25
2
𝑎 ≥ 0.15𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration should not exceed 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 , for human comfort
Project type 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
56 storeys 0.035
34 storeys 0.02
Maya 0.031 All less than 0.15m/𝒔𝟐
Alam Mesra 0.012
Arang 0.011
 4. Dead Load Deflection
• Center core
• Equal span at left and right
• Less columns in building
• Avoid twisting

lighter lighter
load load

heavier heavier
load load
 7

1
Pendulum to reduce the
deflection & as a damper

equal equal
span span
B) Cost & Time

I. Dead Load Deflection

• Center core
• Equal span at left and right
• Less columns in building
• Avoid twisting
II. Slipform Formwork
III. System Formwork
Examples
Formwork Nail
IV. Flat slab

• reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams.
V. Precast Staircase
VI. Precast Slab

Only suitable for square and rectangular building

Thank you!