Distinguishing Temperature, Heat and

Internal energy
• Kinetic theory can be used to make the
distinction.
• Temperature is the measure of average kinetic
energy of individual molecules in the object
• Internal energy refers to the TOTAL energy of
all the molecules in the object
• Heat refers to the transfer of energy from one
object to another due to temperature
difference
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 Temperature Scale and Thermometry
• Thermometer
• Celcius temperature scale
• Fahrenheit temperature scale
• TF = 9/5 TC +320
Eg: 1000C = ?? 0 F

Kelvin temperature scale

• TK = TC + 273
• Zero point is absolute zero
• 0 Kelvin = -273.150C
• Eg: at room temperature of 200C = ?? Kelvin

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 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Remember the definition of specific heat
capacity as the heat per unit mass required to
change the temperature?

Q
c
m t

Q = mc Δt
For example, copper: c = 390 J/kgK
Water = 4190 J/kg.C° 3
 MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY
Sometimes its more convenient to use number of moles
n rather than mass m of material. The “mole” is a better
reference for gases than is the “kilogram.”
The total mass m of a material is equal to the mass per
mole M times the number of moles n:
m = nM

The molar heat capacity C is defined as the heat per

unit mole per Celsius degree.

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 MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Thus the molar specific heat capacity is defined by:

Q = mcΔt

Q = nMcΔt

The product Mc is called molar heat capacity and denoted by C

Q = nCΔt

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 Calorimetry : means measuring heat
• We use the term phase to describe different state of matter : solid,
liquid and gas
• Heat of fusion : heat required to change 1.0 kg of substance from
solid to liquid (eg. ice to water). For water : 333kJ/kg
• Heat of vaporization (boilibg or evaporates): heat required to
change 1.0 kg of substance from liquid to gases phase. For water :
2260kJ/kg
• Water can also change from liquid to gas phase at room
temperature : evaporation. So how does evaporation of water
from the skin helps controls body temperature.
• The energy (latent heat) required to vaporise this water comes
from the body, hence the body cools.
• Heat of sublimation : heat required to change 1.0 kg of substance
from solid to gaseous state (sublimation process)
• Values for heat of fusion, vaporization and sublimation are called
latent heat

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Figure shows how temperature varies when heat is added
continuously to a specimen of ice with an initial
temperature of below zero.
• a to b : temp rises
• b to c : melting point, temperature remains constant
• c to d : temp rises
• d to e : temp constant

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 Thermal Expansion
• Linear Expansion:
• Most materials expand when their temperature
increase.
• Linear expansion can be expressed in equation:
• ΔL = α L0 ΔT
• Where L = length
• α = coefficient of linear expansion
• L0 = initial length
• ΔT = change in temperature

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 Thermal Expansion
• Volume Expansion:
• Temperature increase usually cause increase in
volume in both solid and liquid materials.
• Volume expansion can be expressed in equation:
• ΔV = β V0 ΔT
• Where V = volume
• β = coefficient of volume expansion
• V0 = initial volume
• ΔT = change in temperature
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 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
• What are Conductors and insulators :
• - materials that permits or prevent heat transfer
between bodies.
• Now we look more on rate of heat transfer. Eg: is
aluminium pot a good heat transfer from stove?
Is your refrigerator well insulated to prevent
conduction of heat?
• Heat transfer from one place to another ocurs in
three different ways :
• Conduction, convection, radiation

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 Conduction
• A spoon in a hot tea
• Can be explained thru molecular collisions
• When heated- molecules move faster and faster-
they collide with the slower neighbouring
molecules transfering the kinetic energy- the
slower molecules speed increase and collide with
molecules further along the object.
• Thus the knetic energy is transferred by
molecular collision along the object
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 Conduction
• Heat conduction from one point to another
will take place only if there is a temperature
difference between two points.
• The rate of heat flow through a substance is
given by :
• Q = heat flow
• t = time interval
• k = thermal conductivity
• A = cross-sectional area
• T1 and T2 = temperature
• l = distance between two ends

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 Thermal Conductivity k
• Substance with large value of k conduct
heat rapidly and are said to be good
conductors. Eg: metals
• Substance with small value of k conduct
heat poorly and are said to be good
insulators. Eg: wool, fiberglass,
polyurethane.
• Why is a tile floor is much colder on the
feet than a rug-covered floor?
• Tile is better conductor than a rug: so
can conduct heat rapidly , so can take
heat from foot quicker, so feet surface
temperature drops
• So in cooler countries it helps to have rug
on the floor.

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 Convection
• Although liquid and gases are not very good conductor
of heat, they can transfer heat quite rapidly by
convection.
• Convection is a process whereby heat flows by mass
movement of molecules from one place to another.
• Whereas in conduction, molecules collide and move
smaller distance, in convection involves movement of
large number of molecules over large distance.
• Eg: boiling a pot of water, heating a house, cooling a
house, wind, ocean currents

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 Radiation
• Both conduction and convection require the
presence of matter as a medium to carry the
heat from hotter to colder region
• But in radiation, heat transfer occurs without
any medium. Eg: The transfer of energy from
sun to earth
• Sun radiation consists essentially of
electromagnetic waves (visible light plus many
other wavelength including infrared)

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 Radiation
• The rate of which an object radiates energy is
called Stefan-Boltzman equation
• Q = heat flow
• t = time interval
• e = emissivity (from 0 to 1 : black
surface eg. Charcoal, e value
close to 1, whereas shiny metal
surfaces, e value close to 0)
• σ = 5.67 X 10-8 W / m2 . K4
(Stefan- Boltzman constant)
• A = cross-sectional area
• T = temperature in Kelvin

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 Radiation
• So, does shiny surface emits more OR less
radiation?
• Ans: Emit less and also absorb less radiation
because most is reflected
• Black object absorb all radiation that falls on
them which is why light-colored clothing is
preferable to dark clothing on hot day
• Thus a good absorber is also a good emitter

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 Questions to ponder
• What the difference between specific heat capacity c and thermal
conductivity k?
• Explain why water cools when it evaporates
• Does an ordinary electric fan cool the air? Why? Or why not? If not, why
use it?
• Why is wet sand at the beach cooler to walk on than dry sand?
• Explain sea breeze and land breeze
• Why a thermos bottle is silvered and why does it have a vacuum between
its walls?
• A piece of wood lying in the sun absorbs more heat than a piece of shin
metals. Yet wood feels less hot than metal when you pick it up. Explain.
• The earth cools off at night much more quickly when the weather is clear
than when cloudy. Why?

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