First Year Science

Heat
 In this topic:

• What is heat?

• Expansion and contraction

• Behaviour of water

• Heat transfer

• Latent heat
 What is heat? Nuclear

• A form of energy
Electrical

• Unit: Joules (J)

Heat Solar Sound Magnetic Kinetic Potential

Chemical
Expansion and Contraction
+ Heat - Heat
Expands Contracts
 Example of expansion
• Gaps are lef between railway tracks. This
prevents them buckling in hot weather.
 Example of contraction
• High voltage cables aren’t pulled tight. If they
were, they could snap in cold winters when
they contract.
 Lab activity 25a (page 68)
To show that solids expand when
heated and contract when cooled
Investigating the expansion of solids when
heated and contraction when cooled

Try through ring:

1. Room temp.
2. Heat for 4 mins
3. Leave to cool
 Lab activity 25b (page 69)
To show that liquids expand when
heated and contract when cooled
Investigating the expansion of liquids when
heated and contraction when cooled
Observe liquid level
in glass tube
1. Room temp.
2. Afer heating
3. Afer cooling
 Lab activity 25c (page 70)
To show that gases expand when
heated and contract when cooled
Investigating the expansion of gases when
heated and contraction when cooled

Observe liquid and gas

in beaker and tube:
1. At room temp.
2. During heating
3. During cooling
 Bimetallic strip
• Not all materials expand
by the same amount
• Example: Bimetallic strip
• Thermostat
– Switches on or of an
electrical circuit based on
temp. change
– Heating, oven, iron, hair
straighteners
 Water is special!
• Water behaves in an unusual way
– Heat water above 4 °C = Expansion
– Cool water below 4 °C = Expansion
• Above 4 °C: behaves like other liquids
• Below 4 °C: behaves unlike other liquids
 Freezing water: what happens?
Pipe freezes Burst pipe

• Let’s try it out for ourselves….

 Heat transfer
• How do objects “heat up”?
• Heat energy transfers
• It does this in 3 diferent ways:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 1. Conduction
• All particles in solids are moving
 1. Conduction
• Add heat = more energy to move
• Each particle passes the heat
energy to it’s neighbour.
– Chain reaction
 1. Conduction
• Add heat = more energy to move
• Each particle passes the heat
energy to it’s neighbour.
– Chain reaction

Conduction: transfer
E of heat through a
solid material
 Lab activity 24a (page 64)
To compare the conductivity of various
metals
Showing the transfer of heat energy
by conduction in solids
• Stick drawing
pins on the ends
with Vaseline
• Watch what
happens
• Which pins fall
of first?
 Good conductors of heat energy
• We already know:
– Diferent materials conduct heat at diferent rates
• Good conductors of heat = METALS
• Useful with: cooking, ironing, hair-
straighteners
 Poor conductors of heat energy
Insulator: a poor E conductor of heat
energy
• Why are they
useful?
Examples of Insulators
 2. Convection
• Does hot air rise or sink? What about cold air?
• Similar pattern in liquids

Convection: heat E transfer in a gas or

liquid by the circulation of currents
 2. Convection
Hot air or
liquid RISES

Cold air or
liquid
SINKS
 Lab activity 24c (page 66)
To show convection currents in water
 Radiation
Radiation: heat E transfer from a hot
object by electromagnetic waves
• The sun gives the Earth heat through radiation
• Doesn’t need a medium
– Can work in a vacuum
 Lab activity 24d (page 67)

To show heat transfer by radiation

To show the transfer of heat by
radiation
• Equal amount of
boiling water in each
can
• Thermometer in
each
• Measure & record
temp every minute
for 20 mins
 Lab activity 24b (page 65)
To show that water is a poor conductor
of heat
Summary of heat transfer
 Form of Add heat:
Joules (J) expansion
energy

Remove heat:
Insulators
HEAT contraction
 Changes of state
Addition of energy: to speed molecules up and
separate them
 Cooling
Cooling

Loss of heat to surroundings

• Temp. drops until it reaches the same temp as
surroundings
• If a substance changes state by cooling (e.g.
liquid to solid), it releases energy
 Changes of state
Release of energy: from slowing molecules down
and bringing them together
Demonstrating latent heat
• Ice in a beaker
• Thermometer put in
• Heat with Bunsen
burner
• Record temp every
min
• Continue until water
boils for a few mins
 Latent Heat

No temperature change until

the change of state is complete
Cooling curve
 Latent Heat

No temperature change until

the change of state is complete
Heating curve
 Latent Heat
Latent Heat: causes
E a change in state
and not a change in temperature
 Examples of latent heat
Cool cloth for fever Dogs pant to keep cool Sweat keeps us cool

Wet clothes can cause hypothermia

Mud keeps pigs cool

Chapter 38:
Heat

DONE!!