 By using gamma ray

 The radioactivity emits from the formation help derive lithologies and determine
the fraction of mineral from the information collected.
 Potassium is much very common component found in clay resulting high reading in
gamma ray unit(GAPI)
 Shales usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary rocks such
sandstone, salt coal, dolomite, or limestone because radioactive potassium is a
common component in their clay content
 Shale clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay and
silt-sized fragments of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
 Shale can be known as non-permeable zone or non-reservoir zone.
 The void space has been fill with tiny fragment causing the porosity of the
formation low and will be interpret as non-permeable zone
 The value of shale in gamma ray typically 75 –
200 API
 So we create a baseline of shale in log data.
 Any gamma ray exceed the baseline will be
interpret as impermeable zone
 Any gamma ray not exceed the baseline will be
interpret as permeable zone
 62 permeable zone found in pulai well log
 This is the zone where it may be hydrocarbon exist in any
of that zone
 Volume of shale can be express as a decimal fraction or
percentage of shale in the formation of rock.
 Shale is a clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that
is a mix of flakes of clay
 Radioactivity level higher than other type of formation.
 Finding shale volume is crucial for petrophysicist because
to determining the shale fraction the formation.
 The higher reading of gamma ray log shows higher
fraction of shale.
 This relate to the porosity and permeability calculation to
find the point of interest in the reservoir and also
determining cut off of the well log data received.
 As a formation becomes more shaly, it will be more difficult
to store hydrocarbons because of low in porosity, or more
difficult for the hydrocarbon to migrate from the source
rock to reservoir rock.
 Two most common logs method to indicate shale formation which are the gamma
ray (GR) and spontaneous potential (SP) logs.
 Gamma ray log is usually used and is the curve most commonly available to
calculating volume of shale.
 But the cons of gamma ray log are the borehole size, mud weight, tool type, and
poor calibration affect the gamma ray response
 Thus correction may need to fix the value.
 𝐺𝑅log − 𝐺𝑅𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
 𝑉𝑠ℎ = 𝐼𝐺𝑅 =
𝐺𝑅𝑀𝑎𝑥 − 𝐺𝑅𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛

 Example calculation
GRClean = 43
GRMax = 108
GRLog = 57.49 (MD at 961.6 m)
57.49 − 43
𝐼𝐺𝑅 = = 0.2230
108 − 43
MD at 961.6 m
High gamma ray = High Vshale Low gamma ray = Low Vshale