Contents

 Introduction
 Role of filters in chemical industry
 Types of filters
 Design of filters
 Introduction
 What is filtration?
The separation solids from a suspension in a liquid by
means of a porous medium or screen which retains the
solids and allows the liquid to pass is termed as filtration.
simple filtration
Role of filtration in chemical industry
 Filters does not play a glamorous role as the actual
machines or operational concepts, industrial filters are
important part of any manufacturing process
(chemical).
 Industrial filters are used in the several industries
including pharmaceutical, food and beverage,
cosmetic and chemical .
 Note : without efficient filters the end product would
be of poor quality.
introduction
 Volumes of the suspensions to be handled vary from
the extremely large quantities involved in water
purification to relatively small quantities as in the
fine chemical industry where the variety of solids is
considered .
 In most industrial applications it is the solids that are
required and physical size and properties are
important.
Filters types
 types of filters
1)Bed filters
2)Plate and frame filter press
3) Rotary drum vacuum filter
4)Leaf filter
5 )centrifugal filtration
Bed filters
 Bed filters provide an example of the application of the
principles of deep bed filtration in which the particles
penetrate into the interstices(pores) of the filter bed .
 Application :- deep bed filtration is a process water and
waste water treatment widely used to remove suspended
particles .
 How it works ?
 It has the characteristic feature that the suspended solids
are deposited within relatively high porous filter layer
,leading to more or less complete particle removal from the
water passing the filter.
Bag filters
 Bag filters are used for liquid extraction .
 Taylor bag filter which has been widely used in sugar
industry.
 A number of large thin bags are attached to a
horizontal feed tray and liquid flows under the action
of gravity.
 Bag filters are extensively used for removal of dust
particles from gases .
How bag filters look like?
Plate and frame filter press
 this type of filter consists of plates and frames arranged
alternatively and supported on a pair of rails .
 The hollow frame is separated from the plate by a filter
cloth ,and the press is closed by the by means of hand
screw.
 The slurry is introduced through in a port in each frame
and the filtrate passes through the cloth on each side so
the cakes formed in each chamber and this will join
when the frame is full.
 The frames are usually square .
continue
 In many filter presses provision is made for steam
heating so that viscosity of the filtrate is reduced and a
higher rate of filtration obtained .
 Materials like wax that solidify at normal temperatures
 May be filtered in steam heated presses .
 Steam heating also facilitates the production of dry
cakes .
Plate and frame filter press
Cartridge filters
 One particular design of pressure filter is the filter
cartridge .
 which employs a filter bed deposited on a base of rings
mounted on a fluted (grooves) rod, and is extensively
used for liquids containing small quantities of very
fine suspended solids.
 The pack is formed by mounting the rings ,all the
same way up on the drainage rod and tightening them
together by a nut at one end against a boss at the other.
Cartridge filters
Rotary drum filters
 Rotary drum vacuum filters is the one of the most widely
used vacuum filters .
 Vacuum drum filters may be divided in to two categories:
a) Those where vacuum is created within the
compartments formed on the periphery of the drum
and
b) Those where the vacuum is applied to the whole of the
interior of the drum.
 The most frequently used continuous drum type filters
fall into the first category.
continue
 A multi compartment drum type vacuum filter
consists of a drum rotating about a horizontal axis
,arranged so that the drum is partially submerged in
the trough into which the material to be filtered is
fed.
 The periphery of the drum is divided into
compartment ,each of which is provided with a
number of drain lines. These pass through the inside
of the drum terminate as a ring of ports covered by
rotary valve through which the vacuum is applied.
Rotary drum vacuum filter
Rotary drum vacuum filter
How to select an equipment ? (design)
 The properties of the fluid ,particularly its viscosity,
density and corrosive properties .
 The nature of solid – its particle size and shape ,size
distributions .
 The concentration of solids in suspension.
 Whether the valuable product is the solid ,the fluid or
both.
 Whether it is necessary to wash the filtered solids.
Cont..
 How much fluid is to be treated with maximum
pressure drop which will define how much filter
medium is required
 The decision at this stage is then often between a
depth filtration and surface/cake filtration.
 The next consideration is usually of how much
suspended solid has to be removed per unit time .
 And the dirt holding capacity of the filter medium will
decide operating cycle.
 The cost must be low or minimal.