Introduction
Basic Optics
Fibre transmission properties
Light sources (laser, LED)
Light detectors
Optical receivers
Fibre systems
+ –
+ –
SiO2 Cladding
Ø 125 mm
n 1.44
Primary coating (soft)
Ø 400 mm
1000
Attenuation (dB/km)
10
20 dB/km (Corning)
1
0.16 dB/km
0.1
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
UV
absorption
1.0
OH--peak
0.5
0.16 dB/km
0.2
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Wavelength (mm)
TRANSMITTER
FIBRE
Performance:
+ – Modulation speed
Fibre-coupled power
– +
Typical performance data:
Power in MM-fibre: 100 mW
Power in SM-fibre: 1 mW
Direct Modulation Bandwidth: 100 MHz
Typical performance:
+ –
Typical performance data:
Responsivity ~1 mA / mW
Bandwidth: 1-20 GHz
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Wavelength (mm)
100
ETDM
10
1
installed
(10x / 6 yrs)
0,1
0,01
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Optical Communication et4-013 A11
Wavelength division multiplexing
Multiwavelength Multiwavelength
Transmitter Receiver
MUX DMX
ADM
ADM
System capacity:
ADM
OXC
Tunable laser
40 Gb/s
1998: 80x2.5 Gb/s
200 Gb/s
2000: 40x10 Gb/s ADM: Add-Drop Multiplexer ADM
0.4 Tb/s OXC: Optical CrossConnect
X X
X X
Huge bandwidth
Low loss
Low cost per bit
Small and light
Electrical isolation
No EMI (Lightning, interference)
Security (no tapping)
Reliability
Optical Communication et4-013 A16
Fibre performance
z=0 z=L
Attenuation
z=0 z=L
Dispersion
UV
absorption
1.0
OH--peak
0.5
0.16 dB/km
0.2
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Wavelength (mm)
DT t Dfe Dfo n
Rule of thumb :
Dff o
D 2 Df B 1 1
o 2 Df e B
e
DT 2t
Ce 2Co (incoherent )
if n1 n2 n : NA 0.1 a 6
n12 n22 n1 n2 Dn
D
2n12
n1 n NA n12 n22 2nDn n 2D
Pa
sin 2 a NA2
Pa Pe
Pe
A fibrecore
LED to fibre NA 2
(if A fibrecore ALED )
ALED
Problem 1
Estimate how much power will be coupled from a top-emitting LED which emits 10 mW
from a surface with 500 mm diameter in the following Step-Index fibres (l=1300 nm):
A. PCS MM-fibre with 500 mm core diameter (ncore=1.45, nclad=1.51)
B. Silica MM-fibre with 50 mm core diameter (ncore=1.46, nclad=1.45)
C. Silica SM-fibre with 10 mm core diameter (ncore=1.453, nclad=1.45)
Solution
A. NA n1 n2 1.51 1.45 0.42
2 2 2 2
Solution
A. NA n1 n2 1.51 1.45 0.42
2 2 2 2
n1 n1
Tmin L Tmax L
c c cos c
c
n1 n1
cos c
n2 n2
DT n1 Dn Dn NA2
L n
c
ns / km t
2 c 2nc
BL
L
2nc
( Mb / s)km
DT NA2
Solution
Problem 1 2 2
NA
DT how much 0 . 42
Estimate
A. power will5 be .2 ms / km
0coupled from a top-emitting LED which
2ncwith2 500
from a Lsurface 1.48mm 3 10
diameter in the following Step-Index fibres (l
A. PCS MM-fibre 2 with0500 2mm core diameter (ncore=1.45, nclad=1.51)
NA
DT MM-fibre . 17
B. Silica 50 mm 5core 33diameter
ns / km (ncore=1.46, nclad=1.45)
L 2nc 2with 1.45 3 10
C. Silica SM-fibre with 10 mm core diameter (ncore=1.453, nclad=1.45)
DT 0 (single mode fibre)
C. L
Solution
A. NA n1
2
n 2
2
1 . 51 2
1 . 45 2
0.42
NA 2 0.422 0.18 P 1.8 mW
NA 2nDn A252 1.45 0.01 0.17
Optical Communication et4-013
B.
Problem 2
Solution
2 2
NA 0 . 42
A. DT L 0.2 ms / km
2nc 2 1.48 3 10 5
2 2
NA 0 . 17
B. DT L 33 ns / km
2nc 2 1.45 3 10 5
SM
Single-Mode
MM-SI
Multi-Mode
Step Index
MM-GI
Multi-Mode
Graded Index
optical fibre
+ –
optical optical
transmitter receiver
Multiwavelength Multiwavelength
Transmitter Receiver
MUX DMX
256
‘99
•
# WDM-channels
L(km) 1000
Attenuation
100
10
Dispersion
B·L = constant
1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Bitrate B (Mb/s)