MAGNETIC FORCE, MATERIAL AND

DEVICES

CHAPTER 5

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS & WAVES

BEE 2263 / BEX 20903
 Chapter 5: Magnetic Force, Material And Devices

 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

─ Force on a Charged Particle
─ Force on a Current Element
─ Force between Two Current Elements
 Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment
 Magnetic Material
─ Magnetization in Materials
─ Classification of Magnetic Materials
 Magnetic Boundary Conditions
 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

 Force due to magnetic fields can be experienced in three ways:

 Force due to a moving charged particle in a B field,
 Force on a current element in an external B field, and
 Force between two current elements.

A) Force on a Charged Particle

 The electric force, Fe acting on a stationary or moving charge q in
an electric field, E is,
Fe = qE (N)
 The magnetic force, Fm experienced by a charge, q moving with a
constant velocity, u in a magnetic field, B is

Fm = qu X B (N)
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

Fm = q u X B (N)  Vector cross product

 The magnitude of magnetic force, Fm is
Fm = q u B sin (N)
where  is the angle between u and B
 If q is negative charge, the direction of Fm is reversed.
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

 For a moving charge in the presence of both E and B fields, the

total electromagnetic on the charge is given by Lorentz force
equation as

F = Fe + Fm = qE+ qu X B = q(E+ u X B) (N)

 If the mass of the charged particle moving in E and B fields is m,

by Newton's second law of motion;

du
F  ma  m  q(E  u  B)
dt
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

 A comparison between the electric force and the magnetic force:

Electric Force, Fe Magnetic Force, Fm
Fe and E have the same
Fm is perpendicular to both u and B.
direction if Q is +ve.
Fe is independent of the Fm depends on the charge velocity
velocity of the charge. (charge in motion).
Fe expends energy (work Fm cannot perform work when particle is
done) in displacing a displaced because it is at right angles to
charged particle. the direction of motion of the charge.
Fe change its kinetic Fm does not cause an increase in kinetic
energy. energy of the charge.
The magnitude of Fm is generally small
compared to Fe except at high velocities.
 Example 1

An electron moving in the positive x-direction perpendicular to a

magnetic field experiences a deflection in the negative z-direction.
What is the direction of the magnetic field?
 Solution of Example 1

The magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle is

Fm = q u X B

In this case,

q  e

u  uxˆ

Fm  Fm ( zˆ )   Fm zˆ

 Fm zˆ  euxˆ  B

For the cross product to be applied, B has to be in the positive y-

direction.
 Example 2

A proton moving with a speed of 2 x 106 m/s through a magnetic field

with magnetic flux density of 2.5 T experiences a magnetic force of
magnitude 4 x 10-13 N. What is the angle between the magnetic field
and the proton’s velocity?
 Solution of Example 2

The magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle is

Fm = q u B sin
In this case,

q  e  1.6 10 19

u  2 106 m/s
B  2.5 T
Fm  4 10 13 N

Fm  quB sin 
13
F 4  10
  sin 1 m  sin 1  30 0

quB (1.6 10 19 )( 2 106 )( 2.5)

 Example 3

A charged particle with velocity u is moving in a medium containing

uniform fields E  Exˆ and B  Byˆ . What should u be so that the
particle experiences no net force on it?
 Solution of Example 3
 
Fe  qE  qExˆ
   
Fm  qu  B  q(u  Byˆ )
For net force to be zero,
  
F  Fe  Fm  qExˆ  q(u  Byˆ )

0  qExˆ  q (u  Byˆ )

 Exˆ  u  Byˆ
E 
( xˆ )  u  yˆ
B
u has to be along positive z-axis,
Thus
E
( xˆ )  uzˆ  yˆ
B
E E  E
( x)  u ( x)
ˆ ˆ u   u  zˆ
B B B
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

B) Force on a Current Element

 Now we wish to find force, Fm on a line conducting current in the
presence of a magnetic field, B.
 The differential force, dFm on a small segment dq of a charge
moving with velocity u is
  
dFm  dqu  B
 The velocity of charge can be written as

 dl
u
dt 
 dl   
 Then, dFm  dq  B  Idl  B
 dt 
Fm   Idl  B
***where dq/dt corresponds to the current I in the line and the B field
is external to the current element I dl
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

No current flows I is upward I is downward

No deflection wire is deflected wire is deflected
to the left to the right
 The total force on any closed current loop in a uniform magnetic
field is zero because the integral of the displacement vector dl over
a closed contour is zero 
 Idl  0
 Example 4

The semicircular conductor shown below lies in the y-z plane and
carriesa current I. The closed circuit is exposed to a uniform magnetic
field B  B0 yˆ . Determine

(a) the magnetic force, F1 on the straight section of the wire,
(b) the force F2 on the curved section,
(c) the total force on the closed loop.
 Solution of Example 4 (1)

The magnetic force, F1 on the straight section of the wire:
  
F1   Idl  B
In this case,
The length of wire is 2r (the diameter of the straight section)
The current flowing in ŷ direction.
  
F1   Idl  B
2r  
 I  dl  B
x 0
2r
 I  dxxˆ  B0 yˆ
x 0

 I x  B0 zˆ
2r
0
 2 IrB0 zˆ (N)
 Solution of Example 4 (2)

The magnetic force, F2 on the curved section of the wire:
  
F2   Idl  B
In this case, 
dl  rdˆ and ˆ   sin xˆ  cos yˆ
  
Thus, dl  B  rd ( sin x  cos y )  B0 y  rB0 sin dz
ˆ ˆ ˆ

  
F2   Idl  B
  
 I  dl  B
 0

  IrB0  sin d zˆ
 0

  Ir  cos  0 B0 zˆ


 2 IrB0 zˆ (N)
 Solution of Example 4 (3)

The total force on the closed loop :

  
Fnet  F1  F2
 2 IrB0 zˆ  2 IrB0 zˆ
0
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

C) Force between two current elements

 Now we wish to find force between two elements I1dl1and I2dl2.
 According to Biot-Savart's law, both current elements produce
magnetic fields.
 So we may find the force d(dF1 )on element I1dl1 is due to the field
dB2 produced by element I2dl2.
  
d (dF1 )  I1dl1  dB2

 From Biot-Savart’s law,


 I 2 dl2  Rˆ 21
dB2   0 A/m
4R212

 The force is

  I 2 dl2  Rˆ 21
d (dF1 )  I1dl1   0
4R212
 Force Generated by Magnetic Field

 Integral the equation through I2 and I1 loops, the total force F1 on

current loop I1 due to current loop I2 is
  
  ˆ
I 2 dl2  R21   0 I1 I 2 ˆ )
d (dF1 )  I1dl1   0 d l  ( dl  R
4 l1 l2
F1  1 2 21
4R212
R212

 The total force F2 on current loop I2 due the magnetic field from
current loop I1 is
     
d (dF2 )  I 2 dl2  dB1  F2   I 2 dl2 B1
l2

 I1dl1  Rˆ12
B1  0 
l1 4R122
  
  ˆ
I1dl1  R12 0 I 2 I1 dl2  (dl1  Rˆ12 )
F2   I 2 dl2  0 
4 l2 l1

l2 l1 4R122
R122
 Example 5

Two infinite and parallel filamentary current are separated by a

distance d (m) and carrying I (A) in opposite direction along z-axis.
Determine force per unit length between both conductors.

I = I1 = I 2

I1 I2
y
d

x
 z
Solution of Example 5
z
B1
y
I1 I2 F2
x I2dl2
y
  
F2   I 2 dl2 B1
x d  0 I1
  I 2 (dzzˆ ) ( xˆ )
2d
 I ˆ  I1  0 I1 I 2 l
H   H1   xˆ   dz yˆ
2r 2d 2d z 0
    0 I1  0 I1 I 2 l
B  0 H  B1   xˆ  yˆ
 2d  2d
dl  dzzˆ F2  0 I 2
 yˆ
l 2d
 Example 6

A square loop of wire in the z = 0 plane carrying current 2 mA in the

field of an infinite filament on the y-axis as shown below. Determine
the total force on the loop.

I1= 15 A
y
(1, 0, 0) (1, 2, 0)
1
2 4
(3, 0, 0) 3

x I2 = 2 mA
 Solution of Example 6
Magnetic field B1acting on loop of wire by filamentary current.
z

I1= 15 A
y

x I2 = 2 mA
 I ˆ  I1 15
H   H1  zˆ  zˆ
2r 2x 2x
   15 3 106
B1  0 H1  B1  0 zˆ  zˆ T
2x x
 Solution of Example 6
Theforce on the Force exerted on side 3 of the loop:
 loop
 is  
Floop  F1  F2  F3  F4   I 2 dl2 B1  3  10 6
F3  I 2  (dyyˆ ) ( zˆ )
Force exerted on side 1 of the loop: x
 3  3  10  2
6
 3 10 6  2  10    dyxˆ
F1  I 2  (dyyˆ ) ( zˆ )
x  3  y 0
3  3  10
6
 2  4  10 9 xˆ
 2 10    dyxˆ
 1  y 0 Force exerted on side 4 of the loop:
 12 10 9 xˆ
 3  10 6
F4  I 2  ( dxxˆ ) ( zˆ )
Force exerted on side 2 of the loop: x
3 1
 3 10 6  2  10 (3  10 ) 
3 6
dx yˆ
F2  I 2  (dxxˆ ) ( zˆ ) x 1 x

 6  10 9 ln x 1 yˆ
x 3
3 1
 2 10 (3 10 ) 
3 6
dx yˆ  6.592  10 9 yˆ
x 1 x

 6 10 9 ln x 1 yˆ The total force on the loop is

3

 6.592 10 9 yˆ Floop  12  10 9 xˆ  6.592  10 9 yˆ

 4  10 9 xˆ  6.592  10 9 yˆ
 8  10 9 xˆ N
 Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment
 If the loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field, it experiences a
force that tends to rotate it.
 The torque T (or mechanical moment of force) on the loop is the
vector product of the force F and the moment arm d.

T  d  F (N.m)

 The combination of forces F1 and F3 on the loop generates a torque

that tends to rotate the loop in a clockwise direction.
 Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment
 The arms 1 and 3 of the loop are subjected to forces F1 and F3
respectively, with
 b
F1  I  ( dyyˆ ) B0 xˆ  IB0  dyzˆ  IB0bzˆ
y 0
and
 b
F3  I  (dyy ) B0 x  IB0  dyzˆ   IB0bzˆ
ˆ ˆ
y 0
 No magnetic force is exerted on either arm 2 or 4 because B is
parallel to the direction of the current flowing on those arms.
 The total magnetic torque is
T  (d1  F1 )  (d 3  F3 )
a a
 ( xˆ )  ( IB0bzˆ )  ( xˆ )  ( IB0bzˆ )
2 2
 IB0 abyˆ
 IB0 Ayˆ
***where A = ab is the area of the loop.
 Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment
 If B is not parallel to the plane of the loop, we have nonzero forces
on all four arms of the rectangular loop.
 Forces F2 and F4 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
and are along the rotation axis.  T = 0
 For forces F1 and F3, their moment arm is (a/2) sin .
 The net torque exerted by the magnetic field is modified by sin ;
T  IB0 (a sin  )byˆ
 IB0 A sin yˆ
T  IAB sin 
 If the loop consists
of N turns;
T  NIAB0 sin 

***NIA is called the magnetic dipole moment,  m  NIAnˆ

 Magnetic Material
Magnetization in Materials
 Material is composed of atoms and each atom maybe regarded as
consisting of electrons orbiting about the central positive nucleus;
the electrons also rotate (or spin) about their own axes.
 An electron generates (a) an orbital magnetic moment mo as it
rotates around the nucleus and (b) a spin magnetic moment ms, as
it spins about its own axis.
 Magnetic Material
 An internal magnetic field is produced by electrons orbiting around
the nucleus or when electrons spinning.
 Both of these electronic motions produce internal magnetic fields
B, that are similar to the magnetic field produced by a current loop.

(a) Orbiting electron (b) Spinning electron (c) Circular current loop
 Magnetic Material
 Without an external B field applied to the material, the sum of m's
is zero due to random orientation.
 When an external B field is applied, the magnetic moments of
electrons more or less align themselves with B so that the net
magnetic moment is not zero.
B
B =0, m = 0

v v
 Magnetic Material
 A medium for which the net magnetic moment is not zero
everywhere is said to be magnetized.
 The magnetization M (in amperes/meter) is defined as the vector
sum of all the magnetic dipole moments per unit volume of
material.
 If there are N atoms in a given volume v and the kth atom has a
magnetic moment mk.

N
mk
M  lim k 1
v 0 v
 The magnetic flux density corresponding to magnetization M is
B m  μ0M
 With application of externally magnetic field, the total magnetic
flux density is
B  μ0 H  μ0M
 Magnetic Material
 A material usually becomes magnetized in the presence of the
externally magnetic field, H.
 Hence magnetization M can be expressed as
M  mH
where m is magnetic susceptibility of a material
 Then, we have;
B  μ0 H  μ0  m H
 μ0 (1   m )H
 μ0 μr H
 μH

where permeability of material is μ  μ0 (1   m ) and

relative permeability of material is μr  1   m
 Magnetic Material
Classification of Magnetic Materials
 A material is said to be nonmagnetic if m = 0 (or μr= 1) such as
free space and air; it is magnetic otherwise.
 Magnetic materials may be grouped into three major classes:
 diamagnetic
 paramagnetic, and
 ferromagnetic.
 Most diamagnetic materials have very little influence on the
magnetic field.
 In paramagnetic material, the magnetic dipoles tend to align up
with the field and becomes slightly magnetic when B is applied.
 Ferromagnetic materials exhibit strong magnetic property even in
the absence of an externally applied field. It is used for permanent
magnet and also for screening or shielding.
 Magnetic Material
 Diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials have the
following properties;
 Magnetic Material
 The magnetization behavior between B and H can be represented
by a magnetization curve or B-H curve. In ferromagnetic material,
it is nonlinear.
 The complete magnetization process is termed a hysteresis loop.
 Wide hysteresis loops = hard ferromagnetic materials
 Narrow hysteresis loops = soft ferromagnetic materials
 Magnetic Boundary Conditions
 Magnetic boundary conditions are defined as the conditions that H
(or B) field must satisfy at the boundary between two different
media.
 They are derived using Ampere’s circuital law (tangential
components) and Gauss’s law for magnetostatic fields (normal
components).    
 H  dl  I enc  B  dS  0
 Magnetic Boundary Conditions
 Consider the boundary between two magnetic media 1 and 2,
characterized, respectively by μ1 and μ2.
 Applying Gauss's law for magnetic fields to the pillbox (Gaussian
surface) and allowing h  0, the integral form of Gauss's law
become
   
 B  dS   B  dS  0
top bottom

top
B1n nˆ21  dSnˆ21  
bottom
B2 n nˆ21  dS (nˆ21 )  0
B1n S  B2 n S  0
B1n  B2 n

B1n  B2n
1H1n  2 H 2n
 Magnetic Boundary Conditions
 To determine boundary condition for tangential components of B
and H, we apply Ampere’s circuital law to a small path abcd and
allowing h  0.
 The Ampere’s circuital law around path abcd becomes
b   d   H1t  H 2t  J
a H1  dl  c H 2  dl  I enc B1t B2t
H1t l  H 2t l  Jl  J
1 2
H1t  H 2t  J
  
nˆ21  ( H1t  H 2t )  J
 If the surface free of current or
medium is not conductor, J = 0.
H1t  H 2t
H1t  H 2t  0 B1t B2t

1 2
 Example 7

Given the permeability be 4 μH/m in region 1 where z > 0 and  7 μH/m

in region 2 where z ≤0. If there is a surface current density
 K  80xˆ
A/m at z = 0 and if B1  2 xˆ  3 yˆ  zˆ mT . Determine B2
z

The 1st step:

μ1 = 4 μH/m 
Sketch the K  80xˆ
problem. n̂21
B1n B1
θ1
B1t
xy-plane
B2n θ2 B2

B2t
μ2 = 7 μH/m
 Solution of Example 7

The normal components of B1 are
B1  2 10 3 xˆ  3 10 3 yˆ  110 3 zˆ
 
B1n  B1  nˆ21  (2 10 3 xˆ  3 10 3 yˆ  110 3 zˆ )  zˆ  110 3
 
B1n  B1n  nˆ21  110 3 zˆ T
 
B2 n  B1n  110 3 zˆ T 
The tangential B
  components of 1 are
B1  B1t  B1n
  
B1t  B1  B1n  (2 10 3 xˆ  3 10 3 yˆ  110 3 zˆ )  (110 3 zˆ )
 (2 10 3 xˆ  3 10 3 yˆ ) T

 B1t 2 10 3 xˆ  3 10 3 yˆ
H1t    500 xˆ  750 yˆ A/m

1  4 10 6

H 2t  H1t  K  nˆ21  (500 xˆ  750 yˆ )  (80 xˆ  zˆ )  500 xˆ  670 yˆ A/m

 
B2t   2 H 2t  7 10 6 (500 xˆ  670 yˆ )  (3.5 10 3 xˆ  4.69 10 3 yˆ ) T
 Solution of Example 7
Therefore,
  
B2  B2t  B2 n

B1t  3.5 103 xˆ  4.69 103 yˆ  1103 zˆ T
 3.5 xˆ  4.69 yˆ  zˆ mT
 Exercise 1
A rectangular loop as shown below lies in the xy–plane at z = 0. Find
the total force exerted on the
 rectangular loop located in free space if
the magnetic flux density, B is given by B  (3/x) ẑ µT.

Answer: Fm  8xˆ pN
 Exercise 2
A conducting triangular loop as shown in Figure below carrying a
current of 2A is located closely to an infinitely long
 straight conductor
with a current of 5A. Calculate the total force, F on the loop due to
infinite long straight conductor.

Answer:

Floop  4.39 xˆ  0.19 yˆ N
 Exercise 3
Magnetic material with μr1 = 4 in the region where y + z < 1.
However, material 2 with μr2 = 6 in the region where y + z > 1. If
 the
surface is free of current and B1  2 xˆ  yˆ T . Determine B2 and H 2

Answer:

B2  3x  1.25 y  0.25 zˆ T
 1
H2  (0.5 x  0.21y  0.04 zˆ) A/m
0
 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance
 Inductance and Inductor

 Self-Inductance

 Mutual Inductance