BAB 2:

SEL SEBAHAI UNIT ASAS HIDUPAN

2.1 APAKAH SEL?
Sel asas hidupan
microscopik. Hanya boleh
dilihat menggunakan:-
MIKROSKOP
SEL PIPI
SEL BAWANG
Sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
 SEL
Membran sel

sitoplasma
sitoplasma

nukleus vakuol

Dinding sel

Sel haiwan Sel

Seltumbuhan
tumbuhan
STRUKTUR FUNGSI
NUKLEUS control centre
SITOPLASMA medium for chemical reaction
MEMBRAN SEL movement of substance in and out
DINDING SEL give definite shape
KLOROPLAS manufacture their own food
VAKUOL act as a store
 COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS
SIMILAR
-have nucleus
-have cytoplasm
-have cell membrane

DIFFERENCE
Irregular shape and flexible shape Regular shape and rigid

Not have vacuole vacuole have large vacuole

Not have chloroplast chloroplast have chloroplast

Not have cell wall Cell wall have cell wall

STEPS TO
PREPARE
PLANT
CELL
STEPS TO
PREPARE
ANIMAL
CELL
SEL X SEL Y
E
UNISEL DAN
MULTISEL
ORGANISMA
 ORGANISMA

UNISEL MULTISEL

Mempunyai satu sel Mempunyai banyak sel

sahaja
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR

chlamydomonas

hydra
amoeba

euglena
mucor

yeast
paramecium
A

B
D
UNISEL MULTISEL

chlamydomonas

hydra
amoeba

euglena
mucor

yeast
paramecium
SEL HAIWAN
1)Ameba
2)Paramesium SEL HAIWAN DAN
3)Hidra SEL TUMBUHAN
1)Euglena
SEL TUMBUHAN
1) Klamidominas
2) Mukor
3) Spirogira
A

B
D
PELBAGAI JENIS
SEL DAN TISU
DALAM BADAN
MANUSIA
 Sel
darah
merah Sel
Sel
pembiakan darah
putih
Sel
Manusia
Sel Sel
tulang otot
Sel
saraf
 Red
blood
cell

- Tiada nukleus
- Berbentuk cakera
- ada haemoglobin
- Mengangkut oksigen dan karbon dioksida
Blood tissue
Sistem darah
(peredaran)
 Sel
darah
putih

- Ada nukleus
- Bentuk sentiasa berubah/tidak tetap
- Membunuh mikroorganisma
Sel
otot

- Mengendur dan menegang untuk

membolehkan pergerakan
Tisu otot
 Sistem otot

Membolehkan
pergerakan
 Sel
saraf

- Mengandungi fiber
nerve tissue
 Sistem saraf

Membawa
informasi dalam
bentuk impuls
elektrik
 Sel
tulang
Tissue tulang
Sistem rangka
 Sel
pembiakan
Sistem pembiakan
 Jenis Tisu Fungsi
Tisu saraf Membawa mesej dalam bentuk
impuls
Tisu otot Membenarkan pergerakan badan
Tisu ephitalial Melindungi lapisan dalam badan
Tisu penyambung Menyambung tisu dengan tisu
yang lain
Sel Tisu ORGAN SISTEM ORGANISMA
SKELETON
SYSTEM

SISTEM
RANGKA
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

SISTEM
PENCERNAAN
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

SISTEM
PERNAFASAN
 BLOOD
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

SISTEM
PEREDARAN
DARAH
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

SISTEM
SARAF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

SISTEM
INTEGUMEN
 TYPE OF SYSTEM FUNCTION
Circulatory system Transport oxygen and food to all parts of
the body
Nervous System Coordinate and control most nerve
activities
Respiratory system Supplies oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide
Digestive system Digest different classes of food
Skeletal system Support the body and protect the organ
Muscular system Allows body movement
Reproductive system Produce reproductive cells (sperm and
ovum)
 Definisi fotosintesis
Proses tumbuhan hijau menyerap tenaga solar untuk
membuat makanan daripada karbon dioksida dan air

Faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis

Cahaya matahari, air, karbon dioksida dan klorofil

Hasil fotosintesis
Glukosa (ditukar kepada kanji) dan oksigen
 Glukosa
-chlorophyll
Klorofil traps
light energy
HASIL (ditukar
memerangkap
tenaga cahaya kepada kanji)
dan oksigen

- Enters
Masukthrough
melalui stomata
stoma

- Absorb
Diserapby
oleh
theakar
roots
 (melembutkan)
(pecahkan sel) (rmenyahkan warna)

EKSPERIMEN
Ujian kehadiran kanji
KEPUTUSAN EKSPERIMEN….
- The presence of starch can be tested using iodine
solution after the chlorophyll in the leaves is removed
- The areas containing starch will be stained blue black
when iodine solution is added
 REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EXPERIMENT:
WITHOUT
SUNLIGHT

EXPERIMENT:
WITHOUT
CARBON
DIOXIDE EXPERIMENT:
WITHOUT CHLOROPHYLL
 EXPERIMENT:
PROVE THAT
CARBON DIOXIDE
IS REQUIRED FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Manipulated variable : Presence of carbon dioxide

Responding variable : Presence of starch
Constant variable : Presence of light, chlorophyll and
water
EXPERIMENT 4.1A (PAGE 88)…
1. Keep them in the dark for 2 days before starting the experiment
to make sure all remain starch used / removed

2. Potassium hydroxide pellets used to absorb all the carbon dioxide

in the conical flask A

3. Only leaf in conical flask B will turn blue black when tested with
iodine solution

4. Photosynthesis not occur in conical flask A because there are no

presence of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is required for
photosynthesis
 EXPERIMENT:
PROVE THAT
SUNLIGHT
IS REQUIRED FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Manipulated variable : Presence of sunlight

Responding variable : Presence of starch
Constant variable : Presence of carbon dioxide,
chlorophyll and water
EXPERIMENT 4.1B (PAGE 89)…

1. A portion of leaf A was wrapped with black paper to make sure no

presence of sunlight on that part
2. The part of the leaf that not covered with black paper will turn to
blue black
3.
 CARBON
DIOXIDE
combustion of fuel

respiration by humans and animals

Photosynthesis by
OXYGEN plants

decomposition of dead organisms