Structural Engineering Design

5/24/2018
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DESIGN
Learning outcomes
LO1- Differentiate between the different types of elements in a building
structure
LO2- Compare and contrast the behaviour of the different types of
structural elements used in buildings
LO3- Question and appraise the theories used in the design of structural
elements
LO4- Evaluate and asses conceptual design elements of both single and
multi-storey buildings
1 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

International College of Business and Technology
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
5/24/2018
1. Philosophy of Engineering Design
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

International College of Business and Technology 2 B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
1.1 Basis of Design 5/24/2018
As far as the design of structures for safety is concerned, it is seen as the process of
ensuring that stresses due to loading at all critical points in a structure have a very low
chance of exceeding the strength of materials used at these critical points. In design there
exist within the structure a number of critical points where the design process is
concentrated. The normal distribution curve on the left of figure below represents the
actual maximum material stresses at these critical points due to the loading. Because
loading varies according to occupancy and environmental conditions, and because design is
an imperfection process, the material stresses will vary about a model value-the peak of the
curve. Similarly the normal distribution curve on the right represents material strengths at
these critical points, which are also not constant due to the variability of manufacturing
conditions.
The overlap between the two curves represents a possibility that failure may take place at
one of the critical points, as stress due to the loading exceeds the strength of material. In
order for the structure to be safe the overlapping area must be kept to a minimum. The
degree of overlap between the two curves can be minimized by using one of three distinct
design philosophies.

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1.1.1 Permissible stress design

In permissible stress design, sometimes referred to as modular ratio or elastic design, the
stresses in the structure at working loads are not allowed to exceed a certain proportion of
the yield stress of the construction material, i.e. the stress levels are limited to the elastic
range.
1.1.2 Load factor design
Load factor or plastic design was used to take account of the behaviour of the structure
once the yield point of the construction material had been reached. This approach involved
calculating the collapse load of the structure. The working load was derived by dividing the
collapse load by a load factor.
1.1.3 Limit State Design
The limit state design can be seen as a compromise between the permissible and load
factor methods. It is in fact a more comprehensive approach which takes into account both
methods in appropriate ways. As limit state philosophy forms the basis of the design
methods in most modern codes of practice for structural design, it is essential that the
design methodology is fully understood.
The aim of limit state design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that a structure will not
become unfit for its intended use during its design life, that is, the structure will not reach a
limit state. There are many ways in which a structure could become unfit for use, including
excessive conditions of bending, shear, compression, deflection and cracking. Each of these
mechanism is a limit state whose effect on the structure must be individually assessed.

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1.1.3.1 Ultimate limit state

The whole structure or its elements should not collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected
to the design loads. Considerations are,
Strength
The structure must be designed to carry the most severe combination of loads to which it is
subjected. The sections of the elements must be capable of resisting axial loads, shears and
moments derived from the analysis. The design is made for ultimate loads and design
strengths of materials with partial safety factors applied to loads and material strengths.
Stability
The layout should be such as to give a stable and robust structure. Overall stability should
ensure compatibility of design and details of parts and components. The structure should be
such as to transmit all loads, dead, imposed and wind, safely to the foundations.
Robustness
Damage to a small area or failure of a single element should not cause collapse of a major
part of a structure. This means that the design should be resistant to progressive collapse.

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1.1.3.2 Serviceability limit state
The structure should not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection, cracking or
vibration. Considerations are,
Deflection
The deformation of the structure should not adversely affect its efficiency or appearance.
Cracking
Cracking should be kept within reasonable limits by correct detailing
1.1.3.3 Characteristic and design values
γm = partial safety factor for strength of material

γf = partial safety factor for load

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2. Basic structural concepts

All structures are composed of number of interconnected elements such as slabs, beams, columns,
walls and foundations. Collectively, they enable the internal and external loads acting on the structure
to be safely transmitted down to the ground. The actual way that this is achieved is difficult to model
and many simplifying, but conservative assumptions have to be made. For example, the degree of
fixity at column and beam ends usually uncertain but, nevertheless, must be estimated as it
significantly affects the internal forces in the element. Furthermore it is usually assumed that the
reaction from one element is a load on the next and that the sequence of load transfer between
elements occurs in the order: ceiling/floor loads to beam to columns to foundations to ground.

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2.1 Design Process

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2.2 Actions
2.2.1 Characteristic Actions (Loads)
Refer BS EN 1991- EC1
Permanent Actions (Gk) Variable Actions (Qk)

Include self weight, all Weights of occupants,
architectural components such furniture or machinery.
as exterior cladding , partitions The pressure of wind, the
and ceilings. Equipment and weight of snow, and of
static machinery and all retained earth or water,
permanent fixtures. and the forces caused by
thermal expansion or
shrinkage of the concrete.

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2.2.2 Combination of actions and design actions

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Ψ0 - accompanying factor for combination value

Ψ1 - accompanying factor for frequent value
Ψ2 - accompanying factor for quasi-permanent value
ξ - Reduction factor for unfavorable permanent actions

recommended value is 0.925 in UK national Annex

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Problems
1. Calculate the self weight of a reinforced concrete beam of breadth 300mm, depth
600mm and length 6m.
2. A composite floor consisting of a 150mm thick reinforced concrete slab supported on
steel beams spanning 5m and spaced at 3m centers is to be designed to carry an
imposed load of 3.5 kN/m2. Assuming that the unit mass of the steel beams is 50kg/m
run, calculate the design loads on a typical internal beam.
3. The floor shown below with an overall depth of 225mm is to be designed to carry an
imposed load of 3 kN/m2 plus floor finishes and ceiling loads of 1kN/m2. Calculate the
design loads acting on beams B1-C1, B2-C2 and B1-B3 and columns B1 and C1. Assume
that all the column heights are 3m and that the beam and column dimensions are
225mmx350mm and 250mmx250mm respectively.

2.3 Structural Analysis 5/24/2018
Before sizing the structural elements, the design forces such as bending moments, shear forces, axial
forces etc. must be evaluated. Such calculations can be performed by a variety of methods as noted
below, depending upon the complexity of the loading and support conditions:
- equilibrium equations
- formulae
- computer methods
Hand calculations are suitable for analysing statically determinate structures such as simply supported
beams and slabs. For various standard load cases, formulae for calculating the maximum bending
moments, shear forces and deflections are available which can be used to rapidly analyse beams.
Alternatively, the designer may resort to using various commercially available computer packages, e.g
Prokon, Sap 2000 etc.
2.3.1 Classification based on the nature of internal forces
1. Axial force member
A member that is subjected either to axial tensile or axial compressive force is referred to as an axial
force member. Ex: a cable and truss member
2. Bending and shear resisting member
Members are subjected predominantly to bending or flexural actions. Ex: a member subjected to
loads transverse to its length.
3. Members subjected to torsion
Members are subjected predominantly to torsion or twisting actions. Ex : a shaft transmitting
motion from one shaft to other. Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
International College of Business and Technology 14
4. Members subjected to a combined action 5/24/2018
Members are subjected to any combination of axial force, bending moment, shear force
and torsion
2.3.2 Basic rigid elements
1. Beams and Columns
Beams are generally horizontal, which carry loads applied transversely to their lengths
and transfer them to the supporting vertical columns or other supports. The beams bend
under transverse loads and are said to carry loads by bending. The elements carrying axial
compressive forces termed struts, when vertical they are termed columns.
2. Frames
A framed object or structure is made by assembling beam and column elements with
rigid joints.
3. Trusses
The truss is composed of short and straight discrete elements arranged in to triangulated
patterns. The truss is non-rigid, but it maintains its shape as a result of the exact way the
individual line elements are positioned relative to one another.
4. Arches
An arch is a curved line-forming structural member spanning between two points and
carry the loads to the supports while being subjected predominantly to axial compression.
5. Walls and Plates
These are rigid surface elements. A load-bearing wall can typically carry both vertically
and laterally acting loads along its length. Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
5/24/2018
2.3.3 Internal Forces

1. Tension force
Tension force tend to pull an element apart. The strength of a tension member is
generally independent of its length and tension stresses are uniformly distributed across the
cross section of the member.
2. Compression forces
Compression forces tend to crush or buckle the element. Short members tend to crush
and have higher strength compared to a tension member. The load carrying capacity of a
long member, however, decreases with the increase in the length. The long compression
members may become unstable and may suddenly snap out from beneath the load at
certain critical load levels. This phenomenon is called buckling. Because of this buckling
phenomenon, long compression members are not capable of carrying vey high loads.
3. Bending force
Bending force is a force state associate with bending of a member. The bending action
causes fibres on one face of the member to elongate, and hence are in tension, and fibres
on the opposite face to compress.
4. Shearing force
Shearing force is a force state associated with the action of opposing forces that tend to
cause one part of the member to slide with respect to the adjacent part.

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5. Torsion
Torsion is a twisting action. Both tension and compression stresses are normally
developed in the member subjected to torsion.
6. Bearing stresses
Bearing stresses exist at the interface between two members when forces are transferred
from one member to another. They act perpendicular to contact surfaces. The bearing
stresses are also developed at the ends of beams where they rest on the walls.
2.3.4 Idealization of Structures for Analysis

The primary aim of the analysis is to determine the reactions, internal forces and
deformation at any point of the given body caused by applied loads and forces. To achieve
this objective, it becomes necessary to idealize a body in a simplified form emendable to
analysis procedure. The members are normally represented by their centroidal axis.
2.3.5 Conditions of equilibrium
A structure in general is subjected to a set of forces which include external or applied
forces, internal forces or reactions that are developed within the body at connection points
and gravity forces caused by the mass of the elements. The structure must be in the state of
static equilibrium with respect to these forces.
i) Translational equilibrium ΣFx=0, ΣFy=0, ΣFz=0
ii) Rotational equilibrium ΣMx=0, ΣMy=0, ΣMz=0
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2.3.6 Support Conditions

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2.3.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Relationships among loading, shear force, and bending moment
V+δV
A small element of the beam shown in figure above (left) is taken at a distance x from end 1.
The forces acting on the element are shown in figure above (right).
Resolving forces vertically,

V = (V+δV)+wδx and δV/δx = -w
Limiting condition
dV/dx = -w indicates that the slope of the shear force diagram, at any section,
equals the intensity of loading at that section.

Alternatively, since 5/24/2018
dV = -wdx
ʃdV = ʃ-wdx, and
x2
V2-V1 = ʃx1 -wdx where,
V1= Shear force in the beam at x=x1, V2 = shear force in the beam at x=x2 and the change in
shear force between the two sections equals the area of the load intensity diagram between
the two sections.
Taking moments about the lower right corner of the element gives the expression
M = (M+δM)- Vδx + w (δx )2/2
Neglecting the small value (δx )2 ,
δM/δx = V
The limiting condition is
dM/dx = V indicates that the slope of the bending moment diagram at any
section equals the shear force at that section.
Alternatively, since
dM = Vdx
ʃdM = ʃVdx, and
x2
M2-M1 = ʃx1 Vdx where,
M1= Bending moment in the beam at x=x1, M2 = Bending moment in the beam at x=x2 and
the change in bending moment between the two sections equals the area of the shear force
diagram between the two sections. Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
5/24/2018
2.3.8 Standard Formulae

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Problems
1. Draw the bending moment, shear force and normal force diagrams for the beams
shown in following figures.

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3. Design of concrete beam and column to EC2

3.1 Design of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular beams
3.1.1 Bending (Cl. 6.1, EC2)
When determining the ultimate moment of resistance of concrete cross sections, Cl. 6.1 of EC2
recommends that the following assumptions are made.
1. plane section remain plane
2. the strain in bonded reinforcement is the same as that in the surrounding concrete
3. the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored
4. the compressive stresses in the concrete are derived from the parabolic-rectangular
stress-strain relationship or other simplified stress-strain relationships, provided they are effectively
equivalent to the rectangular stress distribution (see Fig 3.3 & Fig 3.5 in EC2).
5. the stresses in the reinforcement are derived from ‘Design stress strain diagram for steel
reinforcement’.
6. the compressive strain in the concrete should not exceed 0.0035.

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3.1.1.1 Singly reinforced beam design

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3.1.1.2 Doubly reinforced beam design

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3.1.2 Shear (Cl. 6.2, EC2)

Following design process should follow with the equations given in the EC2.
1. Calculate the design shear force, VEd
2. Determine the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement, VRd,c
3. If VEd < VRd,c shear reinforcement can be omitted except in beams where a minimum area of shear
reinforcement must be provided (Cl. 9.2.2, EC2)
4. If VEd > VRd,c all the shear force must be resisted by the shear reinforcement. Provided VEd < VRd,max,
the area of shear reinforcement can be determined using equation 6.8 in EC2. VRd,max is estimated
from equation 6.9 in EC2 assuming initially cotθ = 2.5.

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Problems
1. Determine the area of main steel, As1, and shear reinforcement required for the beam
assuming following material strengths. fck = 25 N/mm2 , fyk = 500N/mm2
2. Design the bending and shear reinforcement for the beam assuming the cover to the
main steel is 40mm. fck = 25 N/mm2 , fyk = 500N/mm2

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3.2 Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns
3.2.1 Introduction
The columns in a structure carry the loads from the beams and slabs down to the
foundations, and therefore they are primarily compression members, although they
may also have to resist bending forces due to the continuity of the structure. Design of
column is governed by the ultimate limit state, deflections and cracking during service
conditions are not usually a problem, but nevertheless correct detailing of the
reinforcement and adequate cover are important.
Column design is largely covered within sections 5.8 and 6.1 of EC2. Column design
generally involves determining the slenderness ratio of the member. If it lies below a
critical value, the column can simply be designed to resist the axial action and moment
obtained from an elastic analysis, but including the effect of geometric imperfections.
These are termed first order effects. However, when the column slenderness exceeds
the critical value, additional (second order) moments caused by structural deformations
can occur and must also be taken into account.

International College of Business and Technology 30 B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
5/24/2018
3.2.2 Loading and moment

In the analysis it is necessary to classify the structure into one of the following types.
1. braced- where the lateral loads are resisted by shear walls or other forms of
bracing capable of transmitting all horizontal loading to the foundations.
2. unbraced- where horizontal loads are resisted by the frame action of rigidly
connected columns, beams and slabs.
Both braced and unbraced structures can be further classified as sway or non-sway. In a
sway structure sideway is likely to significantly increase the magnitude of the bending
moments in the columns whereas in a non-sway structure this effect is less significant.
This increase of moments due to sway, known as a ‘second order’ effect , is not
considered to be significant if there is less than a 10% increase in the normal (first
order) design moments as a result of the sideway displacements of the structure.
For a braced structure the critical arrangement of the ultimate load is usually that which
causes the largest moment in the column, together with a large axial load. When the
moments in columns are large and particularly with unbraced columns, it may also be
necessary to check the case of maximum moment combined with the minimum axial
load.

1 B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
5/24/2018
- Building frame with the critical loading arrangement for the design of its center
column at the first floor level and also the left hand column at all floor levels-
Note-: In the case of braced frames, the axial column forces due to the vertical loading may be calculated as
though the beams and slabs are simply supported, provided that the spans on either side of the column differ by
no more than 30% and there is not a cantilever span. In some structures it is unlikely that all the floors of a
building will carry the full imposed load at the same instant, therefore a reduction is allowed in the total imposed
load when designing columns or foundations in buildings which are greater than two storeys in height.

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3.2.3 Design of Braced Column
THRESHOLD
SLENDERNESS
SLENDERNESS -λlim FIRST ORDER EFFECTS
RATIO - λ
REINFORCEMENT SECOND ORDER

DETAILS MOMENTS

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In theory k = 0 for fully rigid rotational restraint

and k = ∞ for no restraint at all , i.e pinned
support. Since fully rigid restraint is rare in
practice, EC2 recommends a minimum value of
0.1 for k1 and k2

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The mode of failure of a column can be one of the following

1. Material failure with negligible lateral deflection, which usually occurs with short
columns but can also occur when there are large end moments on a column with an
intermediate slenderness ratio.
2. Material failure intensified by the lateral deflection and the additional moment. This
type of failure is typical of intermediate columns.
3. Instability failure which occurs with slender columns and liable to be preceded by
excessive deflections.

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Once NEd and MEd have been determined, the area of longitudinal steel can be calculated
by strain compatibility using iterative procedure or more conveniently using design
charts.

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b). At lapped joints of longitudinal bars > 14mm diameter.
3. Where the direction of the longitudinal reinforcement changes, the spacing of the
links should be calculated, while taking account of the lateral forces involved. If the
change in direction is less than or equal to 1 in 12 no calculation is necessary.
4. Every longitudinal bar placed in a corner should be held by transverse reinforcement.
5. No compression bar should be further than 150mm from a restrained bar.
Details of splices in column reinforcement

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Problems
1. Determine if the column in the braced frame shown in figure below is short or
slender. The concrete strength fck = 25N/mm2 and the ultimate axial load = 1280kN.

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2. Determine if column GH shown in Fig.(a) below should be designed for first or second
order effects assuming that it resists the design loads and moments in Fig.(b) below.
Assume the structure is braced (non-sway) and fck = 25N/mm2 .

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3. An internal column in a multi-storey building is subjected to an ultimate axial load

(NEd) of 1600kN and bending moment (M) of 60kNm including effect of imperfections.
Design the column cross section assuming fck = 30N/mm2, fyk = 500N/mm2 and nominal
cover Cnom = 30mm.

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4. Design steel beam and column to EC3

4.1 Design of laterally restrained beams
Symbols
Refer clause 1.6 of EC3
Member axes ( Cl. 1.6.7, EC3)

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4.1.1 Basis of design

Like BS 5950, EC3 is based on the limit state method and for design purposes principally
considers two categories of limit states: ultimate and serviceability. A separate (third)
category of durability is also mentioned in clause 4 of EC3 which covers the limit states
of corrosion, mechanical wear and fatigue.
The ultimate limit states (ULS) are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of
structural failure which may endanger the safety of people while serviceability limit
states (SLS) concern states beyond which specified service criteria, for example the
functioning of the structure or member, the comfort of people and appearance of the
structure, are no longer met (clauses 3.3 and 3.4 of EN 1990).
4.1.2 Nominal strengths (Cl. 3.2)

The Table below shows the steel grades and associated nominal values of yield strength
and ultimate tensile strength for hot rolled steel sections.

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4.1.3 Partial factors, γm (Cl 6.1, EC3)

Values of partial factor applied to characteristic values of resistances are given in clause
6.1 of EC3. The factor γm assumes different values depending on the type of resistance
being verified as indicated below.
resistance of cross section γM0 = 1.00

resistance of member to instability γM1 = 1.00
resistance of cross-section to fracture γM2 = 1.25
4.1.4 Material coefficients ( Cl. 3.2.5, EC3)
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 210 000 N/mm2
Shear modulus (G) = E/2(1+ν) ≈ 81 000 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio in elastic stage (ν) = 0.3
coefficient of linear thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6 K-1 (for T≤ 100 0C)
Density (ρ) = 7850 kg/m3

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4.1.5 Classification of cross-sections (Cl 5.5, EC3)

Class 1 cross-sections: ‘plastic’ in BS 5950
Class 2 cross-sections: ‘compact’ in BS 5950
Class 3 cross-sections: ‘semi-compact’ in BS 5950
Class 4 cross-sections: ‘slender’ in BS 5950
Classification of a cross section depends upon the proportions of each of its
compression elements. The highest (least favourable) class number should be quoted
for particular section.

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4.1.6 Design

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Resistance of the web to transverse forces (Cl. 6, EC3-5)

EC 3-5 distinguishes between two types of forces applied through a flange to the web:
(1) Forces resisted by shear in the web (loading types (a) and (c))
(2) Forces transferred through the web directly to other flange (loading type (b))
For loading types (a) and (c) the web is likely to fail as a result of
(i) crushing of the web close to the flange accompanied by yielding of the flange,
the combined effect sometimes referred to as web crushing.
(ii) localised buckling and crushing of the web beneath the flange, the combined
effect sometimes referred to as web crippling.

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For loading type (b) the web is likely to fail as a result of

(i) web crushing
(ii) buckling of the web over most of the depth of the member
Provided that the compression flange is adequately restrained in the lateral direction, the
design resistance of webs of rolled beams under transverse forces can be determined in
accordance to the clause 6 of EC 3-5
Design resistance of webs to local buckling

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In which
= is the reduction factor due to local buckling calculated as discussed below
= is the effective loaded length, appropriate to the length of stiff bearing Ss .
According to clause 6.3 of EC 3-5, Ss should be taken as the distance over which the
applied load is effectively distributed at a slope of 1:1 , but Ss ≤ hw
Reduction factor
According to clause 6.4 ,
For webs without longitudinal stiffeners kF is obtained from Fig 6.1 EC3-5 and ly is
obtained as follows

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Effective loaded length

According to clause 6.5 for loading types (a) and (b) the effective loaded length is given by
For loading type (c) ly is taken as the smallest value obtained from following two equations

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Interaction between shear force and bending moment

According to clause 7 of EC3-5, where the web is also subject to bending the combined
effect should satisfy the following

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Problems
1. Check the suitability of 356 x 171 x 51 UB section in S275 steel loaded by uniformly
distributed loading gk = 8kN/m and qk = 6kN/m as shown below. Assume that the
beam is fully laterally restrained and that the beam sits on 100mm bearings at each
end. Ignore self weight of beam.
2. Select and check a suitable beam section using S235 steel to support the loads
shown below. Assume beam is fully laterally restrained and that it sits on 125mm
bearings at each end.

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4.2 Design of columns for axial load only
Compression members (i.e struts) should be checked for
1. Resistance to compression
2. Resistance to buckling
4.2.1 Compression resistance of cross-sections (Cl. 6.2.4, EC3)

For members in axial compression, the design value of the compression force NEd at
each cross section should satisfy
where Nc,Rd is the design compression resistance of the cross section, taken as
a). the design plastic resistance of the gross cross section
(for class 1, 2, and 3 cross sections)

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b). the design local buckling resistance of the effective cross section
(for class 4 cross- sections)

where Aeff is the effective area of section

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4.2.2 Buckling resistance of members (Cl. 6.3, EC3)
A compression member should be verified against buckling as follows
The design buckling resistance of a compression member should be taken as

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where,
α = imperfection factors for buckling curves (Table 6.1 EC3)

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Lcr is the buckling length of the member in the plane under consideration and i is the
radius of gyration about the relevant axis.

Problems 5/24/2018
1. Check the suitability of the 203 x 203 x 60 UC section in S275 steel to resist a design
axial compression force of 1400kN. Assume the column is pinned at both ends and
that its height is 6m.
2. Recalculate the axial compression resistance of the column in above problem if a tie-
beam is introduced at mid height such that in-plane buckling about the z-z axis is
prevented.


Structural Engineering Design - Lecture Notes

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Structural Engineering Design - Lecture Notes

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5/24/2018

1 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

1. Philosophy of Engineering Design

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

3 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

1.1.1 Permissible stress design

4 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

5 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

1.1.3.1 Ultimate limit state

6 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

1.1.3.3 Characteristic and design values

γm = partial safety factor for strength of material

7 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

2. Basic structural concepts

8 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

2.1 Design Process

9 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

2.2.1 Characteristic Actions (Loads)

Refer BS EN 1991- EC1

Permanent Actions (Gk) Variable Actions (Qk)

10 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

11 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Ψ0 - accompanying factor for combination value

ξ - Reduction factor for unfavorable permanent actions

12 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

13 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

2.3.3 Internal Forces

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

2.3.4 Idealization of Structures for Analysis

18 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

2.3.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Resolving forces vertically,

19 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

2.3.8 Standard Formulae

21 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

22 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

3. Design of concrete beam and column to EC2

23 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

24 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

25 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

3.1.1.1 Singly reinforced beam design

26 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

27 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

3.1.2 Shear (Cl. 6.2, EC2)

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3.2 Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns

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3.2.2 Loading and moment

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3 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

3.2.3 Design of Braced Column

REINFORCEMENT SECOND ORDER

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3 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

In theory k = 0 for fully rigid rotational restraint

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The mode of failure of a column can be one of the following

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