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Suggestion for writing well

• First, decide whether it is worth your time and effort to write the
manuscript
• Next, be sure to use word-processing software that is well
suited to medical writing. If you do not already have software
you are comfortable with, choose that is commonly used at
your institution.
• Make sure that you spell medical words correctly
• Use a bibliography that will automatically number and
format your references
• Learn how to download references electronically
• Finally, you cannot write well if you do not write at all.
• Do not fuss over the first draft of manuscript, just write
• Prepare a draft that includes a title page, each section of the
manuscript and mock tables and figures
• When you think you have a nearly complete draft containing all
of the scientific material, print a copy and sharpen a pencil.
• Cross out every paragraph that is not necessary
• Delete every extra sentence within the remaining paragraphs,
and finally, the extraneous words within the remaining sentence.
• Underline everything that is not crystal clear.
• Put an arrow before every paragraph that does not flow logically
fro its predecessor and write: “Segue”?
• Sharpen another pencil and begin clarifying the ambiguities,
replacing the awkward words an phrases, and filling in the
missing link
• When you think you are finished, punt another version, and
read it carefully for typographic and spelling error.

• Make sure that the numbers make sense.

• If you are non-English speaking author, do not submit a


manuscript to an English language journal until it has been
read and edited by a native English speaker who understand
the scientific content.
Structure of a scientific Paper
The basic structure of a paper is summarized by the
acronym IMRAD :

• Introduction (what question was asked?)

• Methods (How was it studied?)

• Results (What was found?) and

• Discussion (What do the findings mean)


Introduction
• Has 2 main purposes :
• To attract readers and

• to tell them what to expect.


• 4 element should be included in every manuscript introduction :
1. The background of the research question
2. Previous research in the area
3. Problems with that research
4. What you did to fix those problems
Methods
• The main purpose are to describe and sometimes defend,
the experimental design and to provide sufficient detail so
that a competent worker can repeat the study

• To ensure reproducible data, authors should:

• Give complete details of any new methods used

• Give the precision of the measurement undertaken

• Use statistical analysis sensibly


Results
• Has 2 key features :

• there should be an overall description of the major findings


of the study; and

• the data should be presented clearly and concisely.

• There is a great temptation to give all the results, particularly if


they were difficult to obtain, but this section should contain
only relevant, representative data.

• The statistical analysis of the results must be appropriate.


Discussion
• Summarize the major findings

• Discuss possible problems with the methods used

• Compare your results with previous work

• Discuss the clinical and scientific (if any) implications of


your findings

• Suggest further work

• Produce a succinct conclusion


INTRODUCTION
• Presentation is a one method of communication,
but has a limited understanding
• Communication  a two-way process of interaction,
while presentation tends to be one way only.
People learn best when :
• They are motivated
• They recognize their need to learn
• The learning is relevant in context and matches their needs
• The aims of the learning are clear
• They are actively involved
• A variety of learning methods is used
• It is enjoyable
Preparation of presentation

a. Know your audience

b. Don’t let yourself get too anxious

c. Rehearse your presentation

d. Prepare prompt cards

e. Check out the venue and equipment


A. Know your audience

• What is their level of knowledge likely to be?

• How many are likely to be there?

• Is the language in which you are giving the


presentation?

• Will your audience have a feel for the technical


/ medical / scientific terminology with which
you are so similar?
B. Don’t let yourself get too anxious

• Anxiety can act as a barrier to effective


communication

• It can be a normal condition for most of


presenter

• Most people find that once they get started,


anxiety drops to manageable levels

• Some times deep-breathing exercise can help

• Knowing that you are properly prepare, is an


important key to reduce the anxiety
C. Rehearse your presentation

• This means, practicing your presentation,


preferably in front of colleagues whom you
trust and will give you constructive
feedback
D. Prepare prompt cards

• Read directly from a prepare script, there will be


effective communication with your audience

• A far better solution is to use prompt cards, prompt


cards carry only the key points of your talk

• They serve partly as an aide memoire and partly as


a means of reducing the anxiety of drying up
E. Check out the venue and equipment

• Check out the room size and layout, the location


of light switches and equipment

• Check that the system is compatible with your


computer / floppy

• Check that your slides / overheads are visible


from the back of the hall

• Be sure you know how to operate the equipment


2. Content

• All presentation should have a beginning, a middle,


and an end (introduction, main point, and summary /
conclusion).

• First, you describe the purpose of the talk and the


key areas you will be considering

• Second, you deliver the main content of the talk

• Finally, you should summaries what you have said


in a clear and concise way
3. Delivery

a. Pretend you are on stage

b. Decide on your mode of delivery

c. Make your visual aids clear and simple

d. Consider varying the delivery mode

e. Look out for non-verbal communication


a. Pretend you are on stage

• Grab the attention of your audience from the start

• Smile and look confident

• Speak slowly and clearly and vary your tone of voice

• Look around your audience as you talk

• Catch their eye and engage them being enthusiastic,


even passionate, about your subjetc.
b. Decide on your mode delivery

• The obvious contenders are slides overhead and


PowerPoint presentations.

• Which is best for you

• With which are you comfortable

• Which is the most impressive?

• Which best illustrates the material you which to


present?

• These are question only you can answer

• You must weigh up pros and cons and make a decision


c. Make your visual aids clear and simple

• Give the impression that you know your slides, so be confident


and know what is coming next

• Use all the information that is on the slide, or it shouldn’t be there

• Disclose the information progressively

• Never go back, rather use the slides

• Do not use full sentences

• Do not read everything that is on the slides

• Never flash through slides

• Do not overcrowd slides; use more than one

• Never borrow slides; make your own


d. Consider varying the delivery mode

• Attention span is limited

• It is worth thinking about switching modes of


delivery – for instance, to use a video clip to
eliminate a particular point which you wish to
drive home.
e. Look out for non-verbal communication

• How you check that the audience has understood from your talk
is clearly?

• What is conveyed to you non-verbally from the audience during


your presentation may be just as revealing.

• Do people look interested or puzzled?

• How many have gone to sleep?

• If you spot any such behavior, either bring your talk to


conclusion or do something to wake up the audience as asking
question or telling amusing anecdote.

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