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OSI Network Layer

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 5

Roberto Almeida G.
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Introduction
 Comunicación a través de la red de forma eficiente.

 Direccionamiento

 Routing

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Objectives
 Identify the role of the Network Layer, as it describes
communication from one end device to another end device
 Examine the most common Network Layer protocol, Internet
Protocol (IP), and its features for providing connectionless and
best-effort service
 Understand the principles used to guide the division or grouping
of devices into networks
 Understand the hierarchical addressing of devices and how this
allows communication between networks
 Understand the fundamentals of routes, next hop addresses and
packet forwarding to a destination network

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IPv4

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 5

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Network Layer - Communication from Host to
Host
 L3 provee servicios para el intercambio de información
sobre la red entre dispositivos finales identificados.
–Direccionamiento
–Encapsulamiento
–Enrutamiento (Routing) Routers.
–Desencapsulamiento
 Protocolos de Capa de Red
–Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
–Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
–Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
–AppleTalk
–Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol
(IP)
 IPv4 es el único protocolo que se utiliza en Internet
(IPv6)
 Encapsulan datagramas y segmentos para su viaje

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The IPv4 Protocol - Connectionless
 TCP es orientado a conexión.

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The IPv4 Protocol – Best Effort
 Encabezado IP es pequeño. Menor overhead.
 L3 no sabe que transporta.
 No administra ni recupera paquetes no entregados o
dañados

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The IP v4 Protocol – Media Independent
 L2 se encarga de preparar la comunicación sobre el medio.
 Hay que considerar el tamaño máximo del PDU – MTU
 Fragmentación

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IP v4 Packet – Packaging the Transport Layer
PDU
 IP encapsula los segmentos o los datagramas.
 Routing considera solo el encabezado del paquete.

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IP v4 Packet Header
 Flag: More Fragments; Don´t Fragment.

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Networks – Dividing
Hosts into groups

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 5

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Networks – Separating Hosts into Common
Groups
 L3 provee un mecanismo para el direccionamiento.
 Son más manejables varias (sub)redes que una sola red.

 Geográfica.
 Propósito.
 Dueño
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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks?
Performance
 Problemas comunes de redes grandes: degradación de
desempeño, problemas de seguridad, administración de
direcciones.

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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks? - Security
 Los accesos desde y hacia los recursos de cada red
pueden ser prohibidos, permitidos o monitoreados.
 Router y FW

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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks? – Address
Management
 No se pueden conocer todas las direcciones
 Gateway

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How Do We Separate Hosts Into Networks? -
Hierarchical Addressing
 Una dirección jerárquica identifica a un host de forma
exclusiva.

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Dividing the Networks – Networks from
Networks
 IP v4 tiene 32 bits: Red y Host.
–4 octetos. Subnetting. Preffix length.

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Routing – How our data
packets are handled

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 5

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Device Parameters – Supporting
Communication Outside Our Network
 Dentro de la misma red no se necesitan ISs.
 Un host tiene una dirección de default gateway
 Routers tienen next-hop address

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IP Packets – Carrying Data End to End
 L3 lleva los datos entre host origen y destino.
–Misma red o diferentes redes

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A Gateway – The Way Out of Our Network
 Si la red destino es diferente a la red origen, el paquete
se entrega al gateway.
Cómo ver cuál es nuestro gateway?

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A Gateway – The Way Out of Our Network
 Ningún paquete se puede enviar sin una ruta!
 Un router realiza decisiones de envío para cada paquete
que le llega

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A Route – The Path to a Network
 Tabla de enrutamiento
–Redes conectadas y remotas.
–Enrutamiento estático; enrutamiento dinámico; default route
–Destination, Next Hop, AD, Metric

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The Next Hop – Where the Packet Goes Next
 Describe the purpose and use of the next hop in a route

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Packet Forwarding – Moving the Packet
Toward its Destination
 El enrutamiento se hace paquete por paquete y salto
por salto.
Enviarlo al next hop; enviarlo al host destino; drop.

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Routing Processes:
How routes are learned

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 5

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Routing Protocols – Sharing the routes
 El enrutamiento necesita que cada router en el camino
hacia el destino tenga una ruta para transmitir el
paquete.

 Para las decisiones de enrutamiento, la tabla de


enrutamiento debe representar el estado más exacto
de los caminos de la red.

 La información de enrutamiento se la puede configurar


en el router, o éste la puede aprender de otros routers

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Static Routing
 Configuración manual de rutas en cada equipo.
 ¿Qué pasa con los cambios en los enlaces?

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Dynamic Routing
 Conjunto de Reglas por las cuales los equipos intercambian
sus tablas de enrutamiento.
–RIP, EIGRP, OSPF

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Summary

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