Roberto Almeida G.
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Introduction
Comunicación a través de la red de forma eficiente.
Direccionamiento
Routing
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Objectives
Identify the role of the Network Layer, as it describes
communication from one end device to another end device
Examine the most common Network Layer protocol, Internet
Protocol (IP), and its features for providing connectionless and
best-effort service
Understand the principles used to guide the division or grouping
of devices into networks
Understand the hierarchical addressing of devices and how this
allows communication between networks
Understand the fundamentals of routes, next hop addresses and
packet forwarding to a destination network
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IPv4
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Network Layer - Communication from Host to
Host
L3 provee servicios para el intercambio de información
sobre la red entre dispositivos finales identificados.
–Direccionamiento
–Encapsulamiento
–Enrutamiento (Routing) Routers.
–Desencapsulamiento
Protocolos de Capa de Red
–Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
–Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
–Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
–AppleTalk
–Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol
(IP)
IPv4 es el único protocolo que se utiliza en Internet
(IPv6)
Encapsulan datagramas y segmentos para su viaje
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The IPv4 Protocol - Connectionless
TCP es orientado a conexión.
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The IPv4 Protocol – Best Effort
Encabezado IP es pequeño. Menor overhead.
L3 no sabe que transporta.
No administra ni recupera paquetes no entregados o
dañados
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The IP v4 Protocol – Media Independent
L2 se encarga de preparar la comunicación sobre el medio.
Hay que considerar el tamaño máximo del PDU – MTU
Fragmentación
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IP v4 Packet – Packaging the Transport Layer
PDU
IP encapsula los segmentos o los datagramas.
Routing considera solo el encabezado del paquete.
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IP v4 Packet Header
Flag: More Fragments; Don´t Fragment.
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Networks – Dividing
Hosts into groups
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Networks – Separating Hosts into Common
Groups
L3 provee un mecanismo para el direccionamiento.
Son más manejables varias (sub)redes que una sola red.
Geográfica.
Propósito.
Dueño
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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks?
Performance
Problemas comunes de redes grandes: degradación de
desempeño, problemas de seguridad, administración de
direcciones.
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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks? - Security
Los accesos desde y hacia los recursos de cada red
pueden ser prohibidos, permitidos o monitoreados.
Router y FW
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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks? – Address
Management
No se pueden conocer todas las direcciones
Gateway
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How Do We Separate Hosts Into Networks? -
Hierarchical Addressing
Una dirección jerárquica identifica a un host de forma
exclusiva.
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Dividing the Networks – Networks from
Networks
IP v4 tiene 32 bits: Red y Host.
–4 octetos. Subnetting. Preffix length.
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Routing – How our data
packets are handled
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Device Parameters – Supporting
Communication Outside Our Network
Dentro de la misma red no se necesitan ISs.
Un host tiene una dirección de default gateway
Routers tienen next-hop address
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IP Packets – Carrying Data End to End
L3 lleva los datos entre host origen y destino.
–Misma red o diferentes redes
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A Gateway – The Way Out of Our Network
Si la red destino es diferente a la red origen, el paquete
se entrega al gateway.
Cómo ver cuál es nuestro gateway?
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A Gateway – The Way Out of Our Network
Ningún paquete se puede enviar sin una ruta!
Un router realiza decisiones de envío para cada paquete
que le llega
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A Route – The Path to a Network
Tabla de enrutamiento
–Redes conectadas y remotas.
–Enrutamiento estático; enrutamiento dinámico; default route
–Destination, Next Hop, AD, Metric
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The Next Hop – Where the Packet Goes Next
Describe the purpose and use of the next hop in a route
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Packet Forwarding – Moving the Packet
Toward its Destination
El enrutamiento se hace paquete por paquete y salto
por salto.
Enviarlo al next hop; enviarlo al host destino; drop.
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Routing Processes:
How routes are learned
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Routing Protocols – Sharing the routes
El enrutamiento necesita que cada router en el camino
hacia el destino tenga una ruta para transmitir el
paquete.
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Static Routing
Configuración manual de rutas en cada equipo.
¿Qué pasa con los cambios en los enlaces?
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Dynamic Routing
Conjunto de Reglas por las cuales los equipos intercambian
sus tablas de enrutamiento.
–RIP, EIGRP, OSPF
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Summary
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