We and Architecture

Fundamental design principles

Example : Geometry In Art And Architecture.
impact of religion on architecture ,Social
and cultural influences on architecture.
Example : Emergence of religion-forms of worship,
rituals and need of spatial organization
WORLD OF ARCHITECTURE
PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE

ANCIANT ARCHITECTURE AND THE ARCHITECTURE IN EAST

WESTERN SUCCESSION
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
CHINESE ATCHITECTURE
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
EARLY CHISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE,

NEO CLSSISM,

MODERN ARCHITETURE.
Stonehenge
Salisury Plain,
Wiltshire,
England
ca. 2,550-1,600
B.C.E.
sarsen and
bluestone

Dolmens
Ireland, Scotland, England, France

various Menhirs
Ireland, Scotland,
England, France
IN ARCHITECTURE
TRODUCTION :
ART,
CULTURE,
SOCIETY,
CIVILIZATION
ART ( KALA)- Expression or application of human creative skill
and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or
sculpture.
( 2D AND 3D)
The Hall of Bulls.C. 15,000 B.C. Sumerian Gudea Statue, c. Egypt
Altimira Caves,Spain. Lascuax Caves, 4000 B. C Babylonia
France

CULTURE : (SANSKRITI)
Art from the past shows what the people who created.

The art reveals their feelings, their ideas, their actions, and
their way of life.

This combination of behaviors and ideas of a group of people

is called culture.
SOCIETY - (SAMAJ)- The community of people living in a particular region and having shared
customs, laws, and organizations..

EXAMPLE:

Hephaistion, Athens
Corinthian
Doric Ionic
Temple of Hera,
The Parthenon, .
Paestum
448-432
CIVILIZATION - (SABHYATA ) : The most advanced stage of human social development and
organization. The process by which a society or place reaches this stage.
Ancient River Valley Civs
ARCHITECTURE : (VASTU VIDYA) - is often included as one of the visual arts.

The nature of art, and related concepts such as creativity and interpretation, are
explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics. ( KALATMAK)
Geometry in art and architecture

SHAPE
 Shape
Shape is a flat image with two dimensions:

Length and Width.

 Shape
Shape is created by intersecting lines to form
squares, rectangles, and triangles.
 Shape

Connecting one continuous line to make a circle

also creates shape.
 Shape
These are perfect geometric shapes, which are
very pleasing to the eye.
Shape
Imperfect geometric shapes tend to create
tension and attract greater interest.
 Shape
Shape may be:
• Shiny and reflect images- mirrors
• Transparent and create visual effects -
window glass
• Textured and absorb light and sound -
window treatments and carpeting
• Hard or Soft
• Plain or patterned
• Colored light or dark
FORM
 Form
Form is the outlined edges of a three-
dimensional object.
It has length, width, and depth (or height) as
well as volume and mass.
• The Parthenon is
known as a geometric
masterpiece.
• The Parthenon at the
acropolis near Athens,
Greece is enclosed by
a golden rectangle by
design.
• The Parthenon is
geometrically
proportional.
When the
triangular
pediment is
restored….
• The ancient temple
fits almost precisely
into a golden
rectangle.
Subdivisions show
the rectangle align
perfectly with
major
architectural
features.
• The Hindu’s believe
that geometry is
absolute, eternal,
and unchanging.
• Therefore, they
build temples
reflecting the
universe.
• Many of the Gothic
churches were built
by proportions
derived from the
geometry inherent
in the cube or the
double-cube.
• Many churches are
still built in this
form today.
• The middle Ages were
excited about ratios
and geometry
• The great cathedrals
are a symbol of the
Middle Ages
• The cross is used
as the major
emblem for the
Christian Religion.
• The windows show
geometry.
• Tracery is
exclusively
constructed from
circular arcs and
straight line
segments.
• The theme of the
window is
geometry.
• Regular n-gons are
shown.
• Variations of the
pentagon show the
pentagram and
rose.
 Here we see a
mathematical view
of the Great
Pyramid.
• The ancient
Egyptians used
regular polygons in
their construction.
• Egyptians also used
the square as a
symbol of kingship.
• From this we get a
glimpse of advanced
knowledge of
geometry that the
Vedic Hindus
developed
Geometry in the
Desert

• A geodesic shape is
where all the
vertices lie on a
sphere
• Common shapes are
a tetrahedron and
a cube
Geometric shapes in Structures

• Six basic elements

in geometry have
been identified in
the bridge
• Point, segment, ray,
triangle, line, and
angle
The Valence School - retrofit of sheds, is an example of
every day use of triangles
in one’s community.
 The Chapel at
the U.S. Air
Force Academy
building, is
another
example of
triangular
architecture.
 Not only do the
ceiling arches of
the Shelly Ridge
Girl Scout Center
demonstrate
symmetry,
geometry, and the
structural support
of triangles, but it
also demonstrates
tessellations in
the walls of the
building.
Both the visible side of Brick Street Café, as well as
the upper part of Hawkins Hall demonstrate
Geometry in architecture.
• Geometric motifs
were popular with
Islamic artist in
decorating
everything
• Islamic art is a
representation of
their religion
• The word Mandala arises
from the Sanskrit and
means sacred circle. The
shapes that are formed
from these divisions are
symbols that embody the
mathematical principles
found throughout creation.
 Roman Innovation
Entertainment – the Roman Colosseum
 Forum
Constructed by the Greek architect Apollodorus of Damascus
It is similar to Agora at Greeks and situated usually at the intersection of two main
streets around which law court and public buildings were placed.

It was used as open air assembly or a market for a political discussions.

Index of high civic life and indication of well laid out town planning.

ex. Forum of Trajan.

• 38.4 meters to the top of the
statue base .
• 29 blocks of Luna marble
together weigh 1100 tons.
• Best known for the spiral frieze
telling the story of the victory.
• Located north of the Basilica
Ulpia.
This is what is left of the Basilica Ulpia in Rome today.
In the back is the Column of Trajan, the only well preserved
monument from the forum.
This is what is left of the inside
columns of the basilica.
Trajan's Market
The forum today

Trajan's Column

Trajan's Forum
 Forum v. Agora
• Forum was closed
off, forming an open
courtyard with only
one major entrance.

 An agora was more

of an open
courtyard
surrounded by
shops.
Impact Of Religion On Architecture ,Social
And Cultural Influences On Architecture.

Example : Emergence Of Religion-forms Of

Worship, Rituals And Need Of Spatial
Organization
Harmika, Yasti, and Chatras on the Great Stupa, Sanchi
THE SUN TEMPLE OF KONARK(1250 A.D.)
Islamic Architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious
architecture styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the
design and construction of buildings and structures within the sphere of Islamic
culture. Some distinctive structures in Islamic architecture
are mosques, tombs, palaces and forts, although Islamic architects have of course
also applied their distinctive design precepts to domestic architecture.
The wide spread and long history of Islam has given rise to many local architectural styles,
including Persian ,Moorish, Timurid ,Ottoman , Fatimid , Mamluk , Mughl, Indo-
Islamic, Sino-Islamic and Afro-Islamic architecture. Notable Islamic architectural types
include the early Abbasid buildings, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of
Anatolia.- Also, Islamic architexture also discourages illustrations of anything living, such
as animals and humans, due to the fact that at death, their soul will never rest in peace.
 Golden fluted dome

Octagonal kiosks on octagonal minarets

Decorative eave surmounting marble parapet

Pillared marble portico on raised plinth

THE AKAL TAKHAT