Power Flow-2

The equations to be solved for power flow

Pkcalculate d - Pkspecified  0
Qkcalculate d - Qkspecified  0
N
V k Vj  G kjCos( k - j )  B kjSin(  k - j )  - Pkspecified  0
j 1
(1)
N
V k Vj  G kjSin ( k - j )  B kjCos( k - j )  - Qkspecified  0
j 1

(1) Contains 2N - NG 1 nonlinear equations with similar number of unknowns

They can be solved by Newton_Raphson Method

How to solve a set of nonlinear equations
First look at linear equations

2 x1  3x2  5
4 x1 1x2  8

Ax  b x  (A)-1b

2 3  x1  5
x 
 
4 1 2 8 

x 1 3 5


x
1

  1
2 12 4 2 8
 
 2
  x  1.9


1
x



 2 0.4

Nonlinear equations

f ( x)  x  5x  4  0.0
2

Taylor Series

f ( x 0  x 0 )  0
f ( x ) 0 1  f ( x )
0 2 0
f ( x  x )  f ( x ) 
0 0 0
x  ( x )   0
0 2

x 2 x 2
 f ( x 0
) 1  2
f ( x 0
)
f ( x  x )  f ( x ) 
0 0 0
x 
0
( x )   0
0 2

x 2 x 2

Neglecting second order terms

f ( x 0
) 0
f ( x  x )  f ( x ) 
0 0 0
x  0
x
f ( x 0
) 0
f (x ) 
0
x  0
x
f ( x 0 ) 0
x   f ( x 0 )
x
 f ( x 0 ) 0
x   f ( x 0 )
x

 f ( x 0
)
x  ' 0
0

f x  
x(1)  x(0)  x(0)

x x   
(1) (0) f (x0 )
f ' x0

x ( j 1)
x   
( j) f (x( j) )
f ' x ( j)
For Multi-Dimensional Case
f1 ( x1 ,    , xn )  0

f (x)  

f n ( x1 ,    , xn )  0
x1   x1 
x  x 
 2  2
x    x   
   
   
xn   xn 
 
 f1 ( x1 ) 0 1  f1 ( x1 )
0 2 0

f1 ( x1  x1 )  f1 ( x )  x1   1 )   0

0 0 0 0 2
( x
x1 2 x1 2





f n ( xn ) 0 1  f n ( xn )
0 2 0

f n ( xn  xn )  f n ( x )  x1   n )   0

0 0 0 0 2
( x
xn 2 xn 2

f ( x )  f ( x ) x  0
0 ' 0 0
f (x  x ) 
0 0

f ( x ) x   f ( x )
' 0 0 0
f ( x ) x   f ( x )
' 0 0 0

J x   f ( x )
0 0

f 1
f 1
x 2   f 1
x1 x n

J 


f n f n f n
x1 x 2   x n

 x  [J] f ( x )
0 0
-1
 x  x
(1) (0) (0)
x

x [J]-1 f ( x )
(1) (0) 0
x

(i 1)
 x [J] f ( x )
(i ) (i )
x -1

[J] x  f (x )
(i ) (i )
Example

f1 ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x1  x1 x 2  x1  2  0
2

f 2 ( x1 , x2 )  x1  x2  0
2

f 1 f 1
x1 x 2 4x1  x2  1 x1
J 
f 2 f 2
2x1 1
x1 x 2

Guess
( x1 , x 2 )  (0.9,1.1)
0 0

4x1  x2  1 x1 3.7 0.9

0 0
J( x1 , x2 )  
2x1 1 1.8 1
at ( x10  0.9; x2 0 1.1)
 1 1  1  0.9 0.18797 0.1690 
 j 
 5.32  1.8  
3.7   0.3380  0.6955

x [J] f ( x )
(1) (0) 0
x -1

x1(1)  0.9 0.18797 0.1690   0.29 1.0036 

 (1)        
x2  1.1   0.3380  0.6955   0.29 0.9964 
 


f1 ( x1 , x 2 )  2 x1  x1 x 2  x1  2  0
2

Actual solution (1,1)

f 2 ( x1 , x2 )  x1  x2  0
2

Stopping Criteria at ( x10  0.9; x2 0 1.1)

 x  max  x   i
 Power Flow Solution
Pkcalculate d - Pkspecified  0
Qkcalculate d - Qkspecified  0
N 1
 Vk Vj G kjCos( k - j )  BkjSin( k - j )- Pkspecified  0
N

j 1

 Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j )  BkjCos( k - j )- Qkspecified  0

N
N  NG
j 1

f1 ( x)   V1 Vj G1jCos(1 - j )  B1jSin(1 - j )- P1specified  0

N

j 1

 N 1
f N 1 ( x)   VN-1 Vj G N-1, jCos( N-1 - j )  B N-1, jSin( N-1 - j )- P(N -1)specifie d  0
N

j 1
  Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j )  BkjCos( k - j )- Qkspecified  0
N
N  NG
j 1

f N (x)   VN Vj G NjSin( N - j )  B NjCos( N - j )- QNspecified  0

N

j 1


fU (x)   VU Vj G UjSin( U - j )  BUjCos( U - j )- QUspecified  0
N

j 1

Where U= 2N-NG-1
 f ( x)  0
 f1 ( x)  P2cal - P2spec  P2 
     

     
     
     
     
 f N 1 ( x) PNcal - PNspec  PN 
       
                         0

 

 f N ( x)  Q - Q  Q (N 1) 
   (N g 1)cal (N g 1)spec
  g

     
     
     
     
 f ( x)     
 U  Q Ncal - Q Nspec  Q N 
  
 x1   2 
x   3 
 2   
   
   
     
 x N 1   N   
x           (1)
      V 
 x N   V(N 1)   
   g 
   
   
   
 xU   V 
 N 
 f1 ( x)  P2 (x) - P2  P2 
     
     
     
     
      
 f N 1 ( x) PN (x) - PN  PN 
       
                        0
 
( 2)
 f N ( x)  Q (N 1) (x) - Q (N 1)   
Q (N 1) 
   g g
  g

     
     
     
     
 f ( x)     
 U  Q N (x) - Q N  Q N 
Where:

Pk   Vk Vj G kjCos( k - j )  BkjSin( k - j ) (3)

N

j 1

i  2,....N

Qk   Vk Vj G kjSin( k - j )  BkjCos( k - j )
N
( 4)
j 1

i Ng 1,....N
 N
f1 ( x)  P2 ( x)  P2   V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2   k )  B2 k Sin( 2   k ))
k 1
.
.
.
N
f 2 N  NG 1 ( x)  QN ( x)  QN   VN Vk (G2 k Sin( N   k )  Bik Cos ( N   k ))
k 1
 f1 ( x)  
  P2 ( x)  P2    P2 ( x) 
x x x

The jacobian Form

     
   P ( x )  ...........  P2 ( x)   P2 ( x)  ...........  P2 ( x)  
2
  VNG 1  V
 2 N N

. 
 
. 
     
  PN ( x)  ...........  PN ( x)   PN ( x)  ..........  PN ( x)  
  2  N  VNG 1  V N 
J  
  Q ( x) ...........  Q ( x)  
   NG 1   
 NG 1   VNG 1
 
QNG 1 ( x) ...........
 VN
 
QNG 1 ( x) 
 2 N

. 
 
. 
     
  QN ( x)  ...........  QN ( x)   QN ( x)  ...........  QN ( x)  
  2  N  VNG 1  VN 
      
  2  P ( x )  ...........  P ( x )    P ( x )  ...........  P2 ( x)  
 N   VN
2 2
 2 VN G 1 
.  
 
. J 11  J 12 
 
     
  N  P ( x )  ...........  P ( x )    P ( x )  ..........  P ( x )  
 N  VNG 1  VN
N N N
 2 
 
  
J
     
  
QNG 1 ( x) ...........  
QNG 1 ( x)   
QNG 1 ( x) ...........  
QNG 1 ( x) 
  2  N  VNG 1  VN 
 
.  
 21 22 
. J  J 
     
  QN ( x)  ...........  QN ( x)    QN ( x)  ...........  QN ( x)  
  2  N  VNG 1  VN 
 
 

J 11
J 12

J   21 22 
J J 
 (N- 1)X(N- 1) (N- 1)X(N- NG)
(2N- NG -1)X(2N- NG -1)

J 11 12
J 
J   21 22 
J J 
(N- NG )X(N-1) (N- NG )X(N- NG)

P P 
  V 
 
J 
Q Q 
 
  V 

Five Bus Example
( x)  ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 )  (2 ,3 ,4 ,5 , V2 , V3 )
T
Finding the elements of the jacobian Matrix
N
f1 ( x)  P2 ( x)  P2   V2 Vk (G2 k Cos ( 2   k )  B2 k Sin( 2   k ))  P2
k 1

.
.
.

N
f 2 N  NG 1 ( x)  QN ( x)  QN   VN Vk (G2 k Sin( N   k )  Bik Cos ( N   k ))  QN
k 1

f1 ( x)    2 
  P2 ( x)  P2    P2 ( x)   
x x x  3
 4 
J ik 11 Non Diagonal Elements ( )   
11 P . 
J = . 
 J ii 11 Diagonal Elements  
 N 
 N
P2 ( x)   V2 Vk (G2 k Cos( 2   k )  B2 k Sin( 2   k ))
k 1

   
  2  P ( x )  ...........  P2 ( x)  
 N
 2 
11 . 
J  
   PN ( x)  ...........   PN ( x)  
  2  N 
 
 

Pi
J ik 11

 k
 N
Pi ( x)   Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Cos(i  1 )  Bi1Sin(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos(i   2 )  Bi 2 Sin(i   2 ))  .....

+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))  .....  Vi VN (GiN Cos (i   N )  BiN Sin(i   N ))

Pi 
J ik11  
 k  k
 Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))

 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )*(1)  Bik Cos(i   k )*(1))

 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i   k ))

Jik11  Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i  k )  Bik Cos(i  k ))

 N
Pi ( x)   Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i   k )  Bik Sin(i  k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Cos(i  1 )  Bi1Sin(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos(i   2 )  Bi 2 Sin(i   2 ))  .....

+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))  .....  Vi VN (GiN Cos(i   N )  BiN Sin(i   N ))

Pi
J ii 11

 i
 Vi V1 (Gi1Cos (i  1 )  Bi1Sin(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos (i   2 )  Bi 2 Sin( i   2 ))  ..... 
Pi ( x)   
  + Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))  ..... Vi Vi (Gii Cos (i  i )  Bii Sin(i  i )).......
i i  
 Vi VN (GiN Cos (i   N )  BiN Sin(i   N )) 
 Vi V1 (Gi1Cos (i  1 )  Bi1Sin(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos (i   2 )  Bi 2 Sin( i   2 ))  .....
  
 + Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))  ..... Vi (Gii ).......
2
 
i  
  Vi VN (G iN Cos ( i   N )  BiN Sin ( i   N )) 

 Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i  1 )  Bi1Cos (i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2 Sin(i   2 )  Bi 2Cos (i   2 ))  .....

+ Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos (i   k ))  .....  Vi VN (GiN Sin(i   N )  BiN Cos (i   N )
Pi ( x)
 Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i  1 )  Bi1Cos(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2 Sin(i   2 )  Bi 2Cos (i   2 ))  .....
i
+ Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos (i   k ))  .....  Vi VN (GiN Sin(i   N )  BiN Cos (i   N )

In the above expression there is no term that corresponds to i=k

The above expression is - Qi , without the term for i=k.

N
Qi ( x)   Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos (i   k ))
k 1

for i  k ; Qi ( x)  Vi (Gii Sin(i  i )  Bii Cos (i  i ))

2

  Vi
2
Bii

N
Qi ( x )  V Vk (Gik Sin( i   k )  Bik Cos ( i   k ))  Vi
2
i Bii
k i
k 1
N
Qi ( x )    Vi Vk (Gik Sin ( i   k )  Bik Cos ( i   k ))  Vi
2
Bii
k i
k 1 (2)
N
  Vi Vk (Gik Sin ( i   k )  Bik Cos ( i   k ))  Qi ( x )  Vi
2
Bii
k i
k 1
 Pi N
J 11
   Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i   k )) (3)
i
ii
k i
k 1

From (2)

Pi N
   Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i   k ))  Qi ( x)  Vi Bii
11 2
J
i
ii
k i
k 1

Pi
J ik 11
  Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos (i   k )) (4)
 k

Pi
  Qi ( x )  Vi
11 2 (5)
J Bii
 i
ii
Similarly one can derive other matrix elements for J12 J21 J22
N
Pi ( x)   Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Cos(i  1 )  Bi1Sin(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2Cos (i   2 )  Bi 2 Sin(i   2 ))  .....

+ Vi Vk (Gik Cos(i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k ))  .....  Vi (Gii )  .... Vi VN (GiN Cos(i   N )  BiN Sin(i   N ))
2

Pi
Jik12   Vi (Gik Cos(i  k )  Bik Sin(i  k )) (5)
 Vk

Pi Pi
J 12
   Gii Vi
 Vi
ii
Vi (6)
 N
Qi ( x)   Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i   k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i  1 )  Bi1Cos(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2 Sin(i   2 )  Bi 2Cos(i   2 ))  ..

+ Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i   k ))  ...  Vi Bii  .....  Vi VN (GiN Sin(i   N )  BiN Cos(i   N ))
2

Qi
J ik 21
   Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i   k )  Bik Sin(i   k )) (7)
 k

Qi
  Pi ( x )  Gii Vi
21 2
J ii (8)
 i
 N
Qi ( x)   Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i   k ))
k 1

= Vi V1 (Gi1Sin(i  1 )  Bi1Cos(i  1 ))  Vi V2 (Gi 2 Sin(i   2 )  Bi 2Cos(i   2 ))  ..

+ Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i   k ))  ...  Vi Bii  .....  Vi VN (GiN Sin(i   N )  BiN Cos(i   N ))
2

Qi (8)
J ik 22   Vi (Gik Sin(i   k )  Bik Cos(i  k ))
 Vk

Qi Q ( x) (9)
J ii 22
  i  Bii Vi
 Vi Vi