of Materials, 4th ed
Donald R. Askeland – Pradeep P. Phulé
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Section 2.2
The Structure of the Atom
The atomic number of an element is equal to the
number of electrons or protons in each atom.
The atomic mass of an element is equal to the average
number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
The Avogadro number of an element is the number of
atoms or molecules in a mole.
The atomic mass unit of an element is the mass of an
atom expressed as 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom.
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Section 2.3 The Electronic Structure
of the Atom
Quantum numbers are the numbers that assign electrons in an
atom to discrete energy levels.
N núm cuántico principal 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
L núm cuántico azimutal L=0 s L=1 p L=2 d L=3 f L=4 g L=5 h
(no llegan)
M núm cuántico magnético, expresa los orbitales para cada L
M= 2L+1 de –L a +L ej L=2 M=5 va de -2,-1,0,+1,+2
S núm cuántico Spin +1/2 -1/2
Pauli exclusion principle specifies that no more than two
electrons in a material can have the same energy. The two
electrons have opposite magnetic spins.
The valence of an atom is the number of electrons in an atom
that participate in bonding or chemical reactions.
Electronegativity describes the tendency of an atom to gain an
electron.
Mencionar los traslapes de niveles
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Figure 2.11 (a) and (b) Periodic Table of Elements
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Section 2.5 Atomic Bonding
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Figure 2.13 When voltage is applied to a metal, the electrons
in the electron sea can easily move and carry a current
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Figure 2.14 Covalent bonding requires that electrons be
shared between atoms in such a way that each atom has its
outer sp orbital filled. In silicon, with a valence of four, four
covalent bonds must be formed
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Figure 2.15 Covalent bonds are directional. In silicon, a
tetrahedral structure is formed, with angles of 109.5°
required between each covalent bond
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Figure 2.16 The tetrahedral structure of silica (Si02), which
contains covalent bonds between silicon and oxygen atoms
(for Example 2-6)
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Enlace mixto
Es una mezcla de dos o mas tipos.
Ejemplo los compuestos intermetálicos
se pueden unir con una mezcla de
enlaces metálicos y iónicos
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Section 2.6 Binding Energy and
Interatomic Spacing
Interatomic spacing is the equilibrium spacing between
the centers of two atoms.
Binding energy is the energy required to separate two
atoms from their equilibrium spacing to an infinite
distance apart.
Modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain
curve in the elastic region (E) o módulo de Young
Yield strength (esfuerzo de cedencia)is the level of stress
above which a material begins to show permanent
deformation.
Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is the amount by
which a material changes its dimensions when the
temperature changes.
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Figure 2.23 Atoms or
ions are separated by
and equilibrium
spacing that
corresponds to the
minimum inter-atomic
energy for a pair of
atoms or ions (or
when zero force is
acting to repel or
attract the atoms or
ions)
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