Basel I
Internal
Process
Interest Rate
Credit Risk – in banking
and trading
People books
Foreign
Operational Types of Risks Market
Exchange
Risk Risk
External Equity
Factors
Information Commodity
Risk
* Banana Skins 2003 – The CSFI’s annual survey of the risks facing banks
Regulatory developments – Basel II and IFRS
– Severe limitations
• Insufficiently sensitive to risk (broad categories)
• Very limited account of risk mitigation
Basel II
Three Pillars
Unchanged
Total Capital
Credit Risk + Market Risk + Operational Risk ≥ 8%
Credit risk
(a) Standardised approach – more granular version of Basel I
(b) Foundation IRB – uses banks’ own credit ratings
(c) Advanced IRB – other inputs also determined by bank
Operational risk
(a) Basic indicator approach - % of revenue
(b) Standard indicator approach - % of revenue/assets, by line
of business
(c) Advanced Measurement Approach – internal models etc
The credit portfolio of ABC Bank has undergone
a uniform downgrade as on 31-3- 2008
after an economic downturn. The position prior
to the downgrade is given below:
The minimum capital required after downgrade is …………..
AAA 20 200 20 %
AA 50 200 20 %
A 50 100 20 %
800
540 630
The Capital required will be
A]56.7 crores*
B]58.6 crores
C]60.6 crores
D]62.6 crores
Agenda
Pillar 1 – Minimum capital requirements Pillar 2 – Supervisory Review Pillar 3 – Market Discipline
Market risk Banks should have a process for Market discipline reinforces
Unchanged from existing Basel Accord assessing their overall capital efforts to promote safety and
Credit risk adequacy and strategy for soundness in banks
Significant change from existing Basel maintaining capital levels Core disclosures (basic
Accord Supervisors should review and information) and supplementary
Three different approaches to the evaluate banks’ internal capital disclosures to make market
calculation of minimum capital adequacy assessment and discipline more effective
requirements strategies
Capital incentives to move to more Supervisors should expect banks
sophisticated credit risk management
to operate above the minimum
approaches based on internal ratings
capital ratios and should have the
Sophisticated approaches have
ability to require banks to hold
systems / controls and data collection
requirements capital in excess of the minimum
(cf. trigger / target ratios in UK)
Operational risk
Supervisors should seek to
Not covered in existing Basel Accord
intervene at an early stage to
Three different approaches to the
calculation of minimum capital prevent capital falling below
requirements minimum levels
Adoption of each approach subject to
compliance with defined ‘qualifying
criteria’
Agenda
Risk Weight Calibrated on the basis of external Function provided by the Basel Function provided by the Basel
ratings by the Basel Committee Committee Committee
Probability of Default (PD) Implicitly provided by the Basel Provided by bank based on own Provided by bank based on own
the likelihood that a Committee; tied to risk weights estimates estimates
borrower will default over based on external ratings
a given time period
Exposure of Default (EAD): for Supervisory values set by the Supervisory values set by the Provided by bank based on own
loans, the amount of the facility
Basel Committee Basel Committee estimates
that is likely to be drawn if a
default occurs
Loss Given Default (LGD); Implicitly provided by the Basel Supervisory values set by the Provided by bank based on own
the proportion of the Committee; tied to risk weights Basel Committee estimates; extensive process and
exposure that will be lost based on external ratings internal control requirement
if a default occurs
Maturity: the remaining Implicitly recognition Supervisory values set by the Provided by bank based on own
economic maturity of the Basel Committee estimates (with an allowance to
exposure Or exclude certain exposures)
At national discretion, provided by
bank based on own estimates
(with an allowance to exclude
certain exposures
Credit Risk Measurement Approaches under Pillar I
(contd..)
Data Requirements Provision dates Rating data Same as IRB Foundation, plus:
Default events Default events Historical loss data to estimate
Exposure data Historical data to estimate LGD (7 years)
Customer segmentation PDs (5 years) Historical exposure data to
Collateral data estimate EAD (7 years)
Data collateral segmentation
External ratings
Collateral data
Credit Risk Mitigation Defined by the supervisory All collaterals from Standardized All types of collaterals if bank can
Techniques (CRMT) regulator; including financial Approach; receivables from prove a CRMT by internal estimation
collateral, guarantees, credit goods and services; other
derivatives, “netting” (on and off physical securities if certain
balance sheet), and real estate criteria are met
Maturity: the remaining Minimum requirements for Same as Standardized, plus Same as IRB Foundation, plus
economic maturity of the collateral management minimum requirements to minimum requirements to ensure
exposure (administration/evaluation) ensure quality of internal ratings quality of estimation of all
Provisioning process and PD estimation and their use parameters
in the risk management process
Agenda
Calculation of Capital Charge Basic Indicator Approach Standardized Approach Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA)
Calculation of Capital Average of gross income over Gross income per regulatory Capital charge equals internally
charge three years as indicator business line as indicator generated measure based on:
Capital charge equals 15% of Depending on business line, – Internal loss data
that indicator 12%, 15%, or 18% of that – External loss data
indicator as capital charge
– Scenario analysis
Total capital charge equals
– Business environment and
sum of charge per business
line internal control factors
Recognition of risk mitigation (up
to 20% possible)
Qualifying Criteria No specific criteria Active involvement of board Market discipline reinforces
Compliance with the Basel of directors and senior efforts to promote safety and
Committee’s “Sound Practices management soundness in banks
for the Management and Existence of OpRisk Core disclosures (basic
Supervision of Operational management function information) and supplementary
Risk” recommended Sound OpRisk management disclosures to make market
system discipline more effective
Systematic tracking of loss
data
Operational risk is inherent to banking business and not
received adequate attention in past
Banking
Treasury
Advisory Services
Constituent Challenges
Customers Face new costs resulting from need to provide lenders with new, timely information
Use key performance indicators to monitor performance
Face request for better collateralization
Manage rating process
Financial Interpret new regulations and understand effects on business and risk management
institutions out of Demonstrate quality as Basel II emerges as a best practice standard
Basel II’s scope
Agenda
Corporate Governance/
ORGANIZATION Risk Management
Basel II Implementation
PROCESSES
Gap Analysis
Master Plan
Approach Operational Risk
Basel II
METHODS Market and Other Risks
Capital Planning
DATA
Disclosure
(including linkage to IFRS)