Engineering
Week 10
Session 28
Learning Outcomes
Session 25
Students will be able to identify similarities between the
INTRODUCTION and the CONCLUSION section in an engineering
report so as to produce one for their own. Also, they will revise
and use modals, orally and in written form, to establish reasons,
interpretations and implications which can be used in the results
section.
• Correct sentences
• Analyse an example
• Complete statements
• Identidy MODALS and use them in context.
•
Professional learning outcome: The interpretation of results towards the production of
the conclusion is key to back up the whole report. It is crucial that this part of the
report makes the right impact.
References:
Bailey, S. (2011) Academic Writing, A Handbook for International Students. Third
Edition. London & New York. Routledge.
Glasman – Deal H. ( 2013) Science Research Writing. UK. London. Imperial College
Press.
Let´s compare…..
INTRODUCTION CONCLUSION
Establish the importance of your field.
Revisit previous sections of report.
Provide background facts.
Summarizing/ revisiting general or key
Define terminology
results.
Present problem.
Limitations.
Current and future work.
Describe the present paper.
Applications.
Let´s look at one example.
Achievement /contribution .
Refining the implications.
Limitations.
Current and future work.
Applications.
Language for CONCLUSIONS
Speculating : Conditionals and modals.
• When we draw conclusions based on evidence,
or the application of a theory, you often need to
make statements about your assessment of the
likelihood that something …….
• is true now.
• will happen in the future
• happened in the past.
One of the most useful resources for expressing
varying degrees of certainty in English is the
system of MODAL VERBS.
• MIGHT • SHOULD
• WOULD • WILL
• COULD • MUST
• MAY
Match those seven modal verbs with their
function (two are very similar)
FUNCTION MODAL VERB
Firm prediction
Confident conclusion – no
other explanation possible
Confident assumption,
depending on things
according to plan
Describing a hypothetical
situation
Possibility
Weaker possibility
I. Drawing conclusions using Modal verbs. In
pairs, compare these statements and match
them to the boxes.
1. The drop in pressure was due to a crack in the
pipe.
2. The drop in pressure may have been caused
due to a crack in the pipe.
3. The drop in pressure must have been due to a
crack in the pipe.
Modals are particularly useful for
SHOULD ADVISABLE
OUGHT TO (he should /ought to collect the data by himself)
MUST NECESSARY
NEED TO (he must /needs to collect the data by himself.)
HAVE TO
Exercises.
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Perhaps the damage was caused by heat
exposure.
The damage ….
2. We felt sure that the damage was caused by
heat exposure.
The damage. …….
3. No way was the damage caused by heat
exposure.
The damage…….
4. We don´t expect heat exposure to cause any
damage.
Heat exposure…..
Evaluation: Now you do these three on
your own.
5. It is possible that the damage wasn´t caused
by heat exposure.
The damage….
6. I advise you to heat it.
It ……
7. I don´t think it was a good idea to expose it
to heat.
It. …….
Writing for
Engineering
Week 10
Session 29
Learning Outcomes
Session 25
Students will be able to use different conditional to establish
interpretations and/or implications that could be used to refer
to the conclusion. This will be done orally and in written form.
References:
Bailey, S. (2011) Academic Writing, A Handbook for International Students. Third
Edition. London & New York. Routledge.
Glasman – Deal H. ( 2013) Science Research Writing. UK. London. Imperial College
Press.
II. Drawing CONCLUSIONS using conditionals.
In pairs, discuss the differences.
1. If Dr.Sotil wins the Nobel prize, it will enhance the
University´s reputation.
Achievement /contribution .
Refining the implications.
Limitations.
Current and future work.
Applications.