Presentation on

Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Users

Presented By:-
Pramod Kumar Gupta
Scholar No.172114112
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
M.Tech, Digital communication

Maulana Azad National Institute of

Technology Bhopal
 CONTENTS:

• Introduction

• Objective

• Functions of CR

• Spectrum Sensing Techniques

• Results

• Conclusion

• References
 INTRODUCTION

• Modern wireless systems are capable of offering a wide variety of high

data-rate applications to various users at the same time.

• Cognitive radio is a concept that aims to overcome these problems by

proposing an opportunistic spectrum usage approach, in which the

frequency bands that are not being used by their licensed users can be

utilized by cognitive radios.

• By using spectrum sensing, cognitive radios can adapt themselves to the

external wireless network. The cognitive radio users can be divided into

primary users (PU) and secondary users (SU).

 OBJECTIVE

• The objective of cognitive radio is to utilize the empty channels in the

spectrum to reduce the traffic in congested areas.

• Proper sensing of the spectrum is the integral part of this software defined
radio.

• Observing the unused spectrum of a licensed user is crucial for the concept
of cognitive radio to be a success.

• CR technology is used to increase the spectrum utilization efficiency with

the spectrum sensing techniques
FUNCTIONS OF CR
 Spectrum Sensing
The goal of spectrum sensing is to find out the spectrum status.

 Spectrum management
Spectrum Management: Provides the fair spectrum scheduling method
among coexisting users.

 Spectrum Sharing
Cognitive Radio assigns the unused spectrum (spectrum hole) to the
secondary user (SU) as long as primary user (PU) does not use it.

 Spectrum Mobility
This is the process that allows the Cognitive Radio user to change its
operating frequency.
SPECTRUM SENSING TECHNIQUES
 MATCHED-FILTER DETECTION

• The matched-filter (also known as coherent detector), can be considered as

a best sensing technique if CR has prior knowledge of the PU.

• It is very accurate because it maximizes the received signal-to-noise ratio

(SNR). Matched-filter correlates the received signal with its time shifted
version.

• Comparison between the final output of the matched-filter and a pre-

determined threshold will determine the presence of primary user.
Process flow diagram of Matched filter Detection.
 ENERGY DETECTION

• Energy detection is the most popular way of spectrum sensing because of

its low computational and implementation complexities.

• The receivers do not need any previous knowledge about the primary users.
An energy detector (ED) simply treats the primary signal as noise and
decides on the presence or absence of the primary signal based on the
energy of the observed signal.
Process flow diagram of Energy Detection.
 CYCLOSTATIONARY DETECTION

• Man-made signals are normally not stationary, but some of them are
cyclostationary, i.e., they show periodicity in their statistics.

• This periodicity can be utilized for the detection of a random signal which
has a particular modulation type in a background of noise. Such detection is
called cyclostationary detection.

• The signal of the PU can be detected at very low SNR values if it exhibits
strong cyclostationary properties.
Flow diagram of Cyclostationary feature Detection.
 RESULTS
• The cognitive radio system continuously searches the spectrum hole where
primary user is not present and is determined by the spectrum sensing
techniques. When it finds out the spectrum hole, immediately it allots to
the Secondary User (SU) and whenever Primary User (PU) wants to
occupy the slot, Secondary User immediately leaves it.

• It is observed that “probability of false detection” of cyclostationary

feature detection is much smaller as compared to other two techniques. In
fact,It is further seen that the “probability of false detection” for energy
detection technique is inversely proportional to the SNR.

• The result shows that Energy detection starts working at -7 dB s of SNR.

Matched filter detection is better than energy detection as it starts working
at low SNR of -30 dB s. Cyclostationary feature detection is better than
both the previous detection techniques since it produces better results at
lowest SNR, i.e. for values below -30 dB s.
 CONCLUSION
• The well-known sensing techniques energy detection has low
computational and implementation complexities and does not required any
knowledge about the primary user signal but its accuracy depends on the
SNR and number of samples which effect the sensing time.

• The performance of matched filter is optimum if primary user signal is

known to the receiver side. It has high detection accuracy with less sensing
time but drawback of this technique is that it has complexity in
implementation of local carrier at receiver side.

• Cyclostationary feature detection is computationally complex with more

sensing time but it performs well under lower SNR values with probability
of feeling under a strong channel fading conditions.
 References
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