Assignment 1(BLD60303107506)

2018
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
TUTOR: AR. ALICE LIM

HO MIN YEE 0328710

CHONG MIN 0333339
LEE JIA YEE 0333311
GAN MING YI 0333281
LOO YING YEE 0332649
SIDNEY WAHOME KANYI 0332589
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. CONTENTS PAGES STUDENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF SITES GAN MING YI

2.0 PRELIMINARIES
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY SIDNEY/CHONG MIN
2.2 SITE LAYOUT GAN MING YI
2.3 MACHINERIES SIDNEY
2.4 TEMPORARY FACLITIES GAN MING YI
2.5 SITE CLEARANCE
2.6 EARTHWORK & EXCAVATION
2.7 SETTING OUT

3.0 FOUNDATION LOO YING YEE

3.1 DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION
3.2 FOUNDATION ON SITE
3.3 METHOD OF INSTALLATION
3.4 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

4.0 STRUCTURE CHONG MIN / HO MIN YEE

4.1 GROUND FLOOR BEAM
4.2 GROUND FLOOR SLAB
4.3 COLUMNS
4.4 FIRST FLOOR BEAM
4.5 FIRST FLOOR SLAB

5.0 WALL LEE JIA YEE

5.1 TYPES OF WALL
5.2 BRICK ARRANGEMENT
5.3 COMPONENTS OF WALLS SYSTEM
5.4 CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS
5.5 PROCESS OF PLASTERING

6.0 STAIRCASE
6.1 SPECIFICATION HO MIN YEE
6.2 TYPE OF STARECASE
6.3 MATERIALITY
6.4 CALCULATION
6.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

7.0 REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF SITES
SITE A
SINGLE STOREY TERRACE

Developer: Tahap Mewah

Development Sdn Bhd

LOT 3719, Jalan Jambu, KU 10, Mukim Kapar,

Daerah Klang, Klang Bandar Diraja,
Selangor Dahrul Ehsan

SITE B
DOUBLE STOREY SHOWROOM
Developer: AMD Construction Sdn Bhd

PT 7420, Jalan Kim Chuan Pekan Pandamaran, Daerah

Klang Selangor Darul Ehsan
SITE C
SINGLE STOREY TERRACE

Developer: Setia Usahajaya Sdn.Bhd

LOT 4333, Jalan Pipit, Mukim Teluk Panglima

Garang, Daerah Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul
Ehsan

SITE D
FACTORY

Developer: Devoted Action Sdn Bhd

Persiaran Sungai Keramat, Jalan Sungai Puloh Klang

SITE E
BANGALOW

TamanDelina,Kluang,Johor.
2.0 PRELIMINARIES
PRELIMINARIES (or 'prelims’)
may appear in tender documents, providing a description of a project that allows the contractor to assess costs which, whilst
they do not form a part of any of the package of works required by the contract, are required by the method and circumstances
of the works.
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY
The site safety is important as unpredictable tragedies are prone to happen in construction sites. Site safety should be ensured by achieving proper operating conditions to prevent accidents or mitigation of the
consequences of accidents

SAFETY SIGNBOARDS
This is basically the first thing you see when entering a construction site. This ensures Examples of the different types of signs are Prohibition signs, mandatory signs and warning signs as
that the site is not a cause of danger to its workers or members of the public. shown in the above images respectively.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Safety is a major issue for day laborers and skilled laborers. This equipment protects workers against health or safety risks on the job. The purpose is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels.

UNPROPER SAFETY EQUIPMENT PROPER SAFETY EQUIPMENT

Safety Helmet
To protect head from falling objects
Safety Glasses
To protect eyes from Mask
flying particles To protect face from injury
Hat

Normal shirt
Safety Vest
To protect body
Ear muff
To protect ears from
excessive noise Gloves
Glove To prevent hands get injured

Boots Boots
To protects feet from sharp and falling
obejects
SAFETY HELMET SAFETY VEST AND HARNESS

Head injuries can come from falling objects; striking fixed objects, such as
unprotected ends of scaffolding poles or other projections; or from
restricted headroom. Wearing a hard hat can prevent, or at least reduce the
severity of, a head injury. Hard hat colors can signify different roles on
construction sites. These color designations vary from company to company
and work site to work site.
Safety vests are designed in fluorescent colors such as green,
yellow and orange make it easier for workers to see and locate one Airbag collar
another. The standard ensures that these colors are up to par for (inflated)
the work environments they are to be used in. Safety vests help
distinguish unauthorized individuals within a particular work place.
Harness connects body and rope together, is one of the most
important parts of fall arrest system. Except of above-mentioned Vitals monitor
function it is used as gear carrier and when rappelling or just
GPS sensor
relaxing in the wall it is relatively comfortable and simple chair-
like item.

LABORER SUBCONTARCTOR SUPERVISOR

FOOTWEAR
Construction workers should wear work shoes or boots with slip-
resistant and puncture-resistant soles.
Safety-toed footwear is worn to prevent crushed toes when working
OPERATOR HSE OFFICER around heavy equipment or falling objects.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
It is an essential item found in construction sites
used to extinguish fires incase of emergencies GLOVES
Glove should fit snugly.
Workers should wear the right gloves for the job (Ex: heavy-duty
rubber gloves for concrete work; welding gloves for welding; insulated
FIRST AID KIT gloves and sleeves when exposed to electrical hazards).
Injuries often happen in construction
sites .A first aid kit is therefore a
necessary item in all sites to ensure
MASK
safety to all workers and to guarantee
A facemask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier
them a means of first help when
between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the
injured.
immediate environment.
2.2 SITE LAYOUT

Site layout of Site A

Proposed buildings

Washroom

Labour Shed

Storage

Changing room

Project signage
Water Utility

Legend:
Access road

Fencing
Entrance
2.3 MACHINERIES

REINFORCING STEEL BAR BENDING MACHINE

It is obvious that reinforcement bars are usually used to straighten the building
structures.In construction and masonry industries,reinforcement bar bending
machines are necessary.Because they can be used to reinforce the concrete
structures to make architectures more safe.

MOBILE CRANE
Mobile cranes are able to lift thousands of
pounds using the simple concept of
transmitting forces from point to point TRACTOR
through a fluid.In essence,they work by
A tractor is used to deliver at a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling
harnessing the strength that liquid under
machinery used in construction.
pressure gives.
 CRANE
A crane is equipped with
ahoist rope, wire ropes
or chains and sheaves
that can be used both to
lift and lower materials
and to move them
horizontally.
DUMP TRUCK
Used for transporting loose
material for construction
and is equipped with an
open-box bed which is
hinged at the rear and
equipped with hydraulic
rams to lift the
front,allowing the material
in the bed to be deposited
on the ground behind the
truck at the site of delivery.
FLAT BED TRUCK
As the name
suggests,its bodywork
is entirely flat allowing
for quick and easy
loading of goods and
are used to transport
heavy loads that are
not delicate or
vulnerable to rain,and
also for abnormal
loads that require
more space than is
available on a closed
body.
HAND FEED CONCRETE
MIXER
This combines
cement,aggregate such
as sand or gravel,and
water to form concrete
using a revolving drum
to mix the components.
2.4 TEMPORARY FACILITIES

Site office Labour shed

It provide accommodation for site manager, provide space for meetings and to provide It is built for labour who work in the construction project stay at site safely. The shed is made at
storage for site documentation site with essential facilities like water and power supply and sanitation.

Water Supply Electric Supply

Water is stored in water tank to Our site’s electricity
provide sufficient water supply line is connected to
for the workers. The water comes city’s power supply
from a pipe which connected to line so it has a power
the city’s water supply line. box to determine the
power used.
 Sanitary facilities
It is built to ensure cleanliness of labour. It is laid in a way which is convenient and within
easy reach of the workmen

Drainage
Drainage is the artificial removal of water, both surface and sub-surface. It is necessary to
avoid flooding and other damage.
 SIGN & NOTICES
HOARDING
Hoarding is a temporary structure of solid construction, erected around the
• It show the names and organisations who participated in the contract
perimeter of construction sites to shield them from view and prevent unauthorised
• Assist in directing plant and materials deliveries
access.
• To help maintain good public relations

Project

Owner

Architect’s firm

Engineering
Consultant
Provide protection for the It is made of aluminium and the
public, resist impact damage, height is 2.4m Quantity survey’s firm
resist anticipated wind
pressures and adequately lit
at night
Main contractor

JKR Approval
 SCAFFOLDING

Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to provide a safe working place at a convenient height.
Guard rail to three sides of tower
Mobile Scaffolds
4 No. corner standards
Constructed to the basic principles as for independent

Towers not more than 3x times least lateral dimension – internal towers not more
tubular scaffolds and are used to provide access to Close boarded working platform

910 minimum
restricted or small areas or where mobility is required. minimum plan size 1.200 x 1.200

1minimum

min max
1.050

150 470

Maximum free standing height 9.600(mobile) : 12.000(static) - external

Toe board to three sides
of tower
transom Double
ledger coupler
Cross bracing to four
sides of tower Swivel
Vertical access ladder coupler
securely tied to one face of

than 3.5x the least lateral dimension

tower transom
ledger

Not less than least

lateral dimension
Main Component Cross bracing
1.000; 2.000 or 3.000 long high
tensile steel standard
1.270 long high tensile steel
transom 125mm minimum diameter
1.500 or 2.500 long high tensile
castor wheel with integral brake
steel ledger
and locking device fixed to
corner standards

Connecting pockets to receive

blade ends of ledgers and
transom welded to standard High tensile steel ledger
at 500mm centres
2.5 SITE CLEARANCE
It involves the removal of trees, demolishing buildings, removing any and all old underground infrastructure, and any other obstacles that
might affect the construction process in the future or hinder the project to be done.

Stage 1: Grubbing out trees and bushes Stage 2: Excavator heaping up top soil Stage 3: Soil Compaction

Trees are chopped off to empty the site Top soil which contains plant life animal life and Stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is
decaying matter has to be remove to make soil less displaced from the pores between the soil grains. It
The tree trunks is lifted and transport out of the site
compressible and suitable for supporting buildings. increase stiffness and therefore reduce future settlement
2.6 EARTHWORK AND EXCAVATION
The disturbance of soil and removal of earth to form a cavity in the ground.

Topsoil Excavation Depth varies from site (usually 150-300mm) Roll bar
Involves the removal of the exposed or the topmost area of the earth’s surface which include vegetation, Dumper to move soil
Excavation
soil, and any other decaying material that could make the land unsuitable to bear structural loads.
mechanical shovel
or bulldozer

Subsoil

Reduce Level
Mechanical shovel and attendant
Carried out below oversite level to form a level surface on which to build and can consist of both Bulldozer for cut and fill
lorries for cut only operations
cutting and filling operations. The level to which the ground is reduced is called the formation level. operations

Proposed formation level

Trench Excavation
In this type of excavation the length of the excavated area exceeds the depth. Trench excavation is
typically used to bury service lines, to install pipelines and sewer systems, or lay foundations.
Shallow trenches of less than 6m or deep trenches of more than 6m are done using this type of
excavation.
formation level
Backactor- spoil placed
alongside excavation or into
attendant lorry
2.7 SETTING OUT

Setting out site boundary

“Setting out” is the process of locating points for site boundary level and other necessary structural parts according to the construction drawing. Errors should be avoided because the whole structure will
be build based on the respective setting out. A setting out should be made to full fill the requirements such as length, angle and level.

Telescopes at right angles-

swivel up and down- range 50 x 50 corner post driven
3 to 100m firmly into the ground
Datum post Nail in centre of post
Profile board Main setting-out lines

Diagonal checks Tripod Sight lines to

corner posts Cord marking
Site outline of building
boundary Plumb rod
Corner post
Baseline
Outline marked on ground with
Theodolite dry lime or similar powder
A precise instrument for measuring angles in
the horizontal and vertical planes

STEP 1: STEP 2:
A temporary bench mark or level should be obtained to start the setting out for the whole building. Use pole to specify distance from boundary. From this point, can
A specific height from a near land or from the road level can be obtained as the reference level point for a setting out. This continue the setting out related to the given drawing.
level point will conduct all over the building boundary area or 1m away from the building boundary level.
 3-4-5 triangle ( Theorem of Pythagoras)
1. Think of a triangle that has two legs that join at a 90 degree angle.
2. Refer the legs as leg A and leg B. Leg C is the third leg that connects the
first two.
3. C squared (C x C) should be the sum of leg A squared (AxA) and B squared
(BxB). In other words: A2 + B2= C2

STEP 3: STEP 4:
Take angular setting out. Right angles setting out can be obtained by marking the next columns on a straight line Use a twine to connect the centre lines of all columns with the
using the Pythagoras theorem. bench mark reference height to connect all of them.
STORAGE WHEEL WASHING SYSTEM

Site storage involves the provision of adequate space, protection and control for materials, It is a device for cleaning the tires of trucks when they are leaving a site. It help in
components and equipment that are to be kept on a construction site during the building control and eliminate the pollution of public roads.
process.

Bricks is supplied strapped Open storage.

in unit loads and stored on
timber pallets.
Wood pallets are stacked Water trough
It is located near the
and placed at the corner. It requires low cost maintenance and
entrance so that materials
can be easily loaded off very easy to use. It cleans the wheel
from lorry. of vehicle as vehicles passes slowly
through the pit. This system is efficient
as vehicles does not need to stop for
cleaning.
Water hose system
Water hose is set up at the exit.
Vehicles have to stop at the exit and
clean their wheels manually. This
system is cost effective and able to
clean the wheel well.
3.0 FOUNDATION
3.1 DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION

Foundation is the lowest division of a building – its substructure – constructed partly or wholly below Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
the surface of the ground. Its primary function is to support and anchor the superstructure above and
transmit its loads safely into the earth.
Feasibility Easier to construct Construction process is more
complex

Mechanism of Load Transfer Transfer loads mostly by end Rely both on end bearing and
bearing skin friction

Depth The depth of shallow Greater than shallow

foundation is generally about foundation
3 meters or the depth of
foundation is less than the
Shallow Foundation footing with

Employed when
Cost Cheaper Generally more expensive
stable soil of
than shallow foundation
adequate bearing
Deep Foundation
capacity occurs
relatively near to Advantages Less labor needed Provide lateral support and
Employed when the soil is
the ground surface. resists uplift as well as
underlying a foundation is
carrying huge loads
unstable or of inadequate
bearing capacity.
Disadvantages Possibility of a settlement and Skilled labor needed and can
weak against lateral loads be time-consuming

Drawing 3.1: Types of Foundation Table 3.1: Comparison table

 3.2 FOUNDATION ON SITE 3.3 METHOD OF INSTALLATION

Precast Reinforced Concrete Friction Piles are used and constructed by Displacement Method.

Drop Hammer Method

Load
Reason using Friction Pile on site
Friction Piles develop most of the pile-bearing
capacity by shear stresses along the sides of the pile
and it is suitable to the site as the hard layers are
Pile Cap too deep. The pile transmits the load to surrounding
soil by friction between the surface of the pile and
soil, which in effect lowers the bulb of pressure.
It is used to install the piles into the ground.
The hammer is raised to a certain height and released to strike
the pile.
This method is suitable for light-weighted piles and suit best in
clay, marl or compact sand.
Displacement Method

Displacement piles cause the soil to be displaced radially

as well as vertically as the pile shaft is driven into the
Drawing 3.5 : Drop Hammer
ground.

Drawing 3.2 : Friction Pile showing

Drawing 3.3 : Examples of pile cap layouts
forces are transferred to the soil by
the entire surface of pile

Column

The pile is well placed and The weight dropped and Continuous hammering
Pile Cap Drawing 3.4 : Foundation ready to be hammered. the pile is driven into the until the pile reaches its
ground. desired depth.

Drawing 3.6 : Method of Constructing

R.C. Piles
3.4 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1. Pile load test to Test

1. Loading determine the ultimate 2. Setting Out Jotted Lines 3. R.C. Piles Driven Below Ground Using Pilling Machine
geotechnical capacity of the pile. Land Surveyor set out piling points. The workers measure, Once the piling points have been placed, dropping hammer
mark and jot the points. method is used to install the piles into the soil (12 meters
deep).

Extension Pile

Joint

Initial Pile

4. Pile Cutting ( Join & Cut ) 5. Excavation 6. Formwork

Joining of piles with welding when insufficient pile length
occurs as well as cutting of piles to fit.
6m +6m to 12m joints
The subsoil of the site will be disposed and taken off from the site. The
purpose of this is to reduce level for creating the pile cap.
Overall formwork will be built by plywood and it is
assembled around the perimeter. The height of
formwork follows the depth of the pile cap. This is to
retain concrete until it has developed enough strength
to stay in position.
7. Placement of Spacer Block and Rebar
Put in lean concrete so that the moisture does not absorb into the
soil. Next, pre-cast spacer blocks are placed to provide adequate
concrete cover for the reinforcement bars to help maintain the
proper position.
8. Concreting
Concrete is then poured into the formwork. Vibrator is used to ensure it has filled all the edges and
to ensure that there are no air bubbles trapped. Concreting and hardening.
9. Dismantling of Formwork
Removal of formwork after the concrete have dried up. Pile cap
is done, foundation has completed.
4.0 STRUCURE
4.1 GROUND FLOOR BEAM
Ground beam (soil level beam) transferring loads delivered by superstructure above, or expanding soil below, to discrete foundations elements, such as piles and footings. Ground beams at the site are
constructed in situ. Ground beams are reinforced concrete beams which support walls, joists and other structures near ground level. Ground beams are either standing directly upon the ground or
supported at both ends by piers

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

It carries two set of external forces (loads applied to the beam and the reactions from the supports) and two types of internal forces (bending moments and shear
forces). External forces Internal forces Legend The types of beam that mostly used at the site are Reinforced Concrete Beam (R.C.Beams). It is designed to act together
with longitudinal and rebar in resisting applied forces. Steel bars are embedded into concrete which, generating resisting forces which provides extra tensile strength.
Advantages
• High compressive strength
• Superior fire-proof capability as compared to steel
• Easily casted
• Economical and low maintenance cost

Disadvantages
• Requires mixing, casting, and curing which can change the final of strength of concrete
• Low tensile strength
• Shrinkage causes crack development.

Reinforced Concrete Beam Connection of ground beam and pile

CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND FLOOR BEAM

Concrete

1. FORMWORK STRUCTURE
2. SETTING UP OF BEAM REINFORCEMENT 3. LAYING OF CEMENT CONCRETE
To retain concrete, formwork or centering and shuttering is required.
After blinding process, reinforcement will be tied to the column stump For small quantity of concrete volume we
Formworks are set at the surrounding of the reinforcements of the
to hold them in position. Reinforcement steel bars used to provide the normally depend on machine-mix concrete
ground floor beams together ground floor slabs. Stirrup is used to resist
tensile strength . and filling the beam
shear and diagonal tension stresses in beam.

4. GROUND FLOOR BEAM CASTED

Casting and curing are done simultaneously for beam and slab. The curing period will take around
2-3 weeks. Side of formwork is removed when the concrete are dried up, normally after 3 days.
Bottom part is removed after 21-28days. The formworks are usable for up to 3 times at least.
4.2 GROUND FLOOR SLAB

Slabs are supported on columns and beams. It is a flat horizontal surface, normally used as floor or subfloor. The types of slab that used at the site are reinforced concrete slab. It is constructed of reinforced
concrete poured into formwork on-site or into trenches excavated into the ground. Ground slab are those slabs that are poured directly into excavated trenches in the ground. They rely entirely on the
existing ground for support. The load is directly transferred to the ground and ground beam.

TYPE OF SLAB

ONE-WAY SLAB

TWO-WAY SLAB
TWO-WAY SLAB
1-STOREY TERRACED HOUSE

TWO-WAY SLAB

Two way slabs are the slabs that are supported on four sides and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than 2. In two way slabs, load will be
carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in both direction for two way slabs.
CONCRETE SLAB
RESIST COMPRESSION
• The concrete mix for ground bearing slab is 1:2:4 ‘GEN 3’ mix.
• The floor slab is placed over the DPM
• The thickness of floor slab> 100mm
• Ensure all the services running under the floor are installed and tested before pouring
the slab.

BRC MESH
REINFORCEMENT-TRANSFERS LOADS AND BEAM

DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE

HEAVY DUTY POLYTHENE DAMP-PROOF MEMBRANE PREVENTS WATER LEAKING THROUGH
• Joints in a Polythene DPM are welted or taped and overlap by at least 300mm.
• The DPM must be linked with the DPC in the walls, to ensure that the entire interior of the
building is protected from moisture by a continuous, impervious barrier.

ANTI-TERMITE SPRAY
REPELS TERMITES

LEAN CONCRETE
PROVIDES FLAT SURFACES

HARDCORE&SAND BLINDING
FILLS ANY VOIDS IN THE GROUND TO PROVIDE FLAT BOTTOM
• The fill material used to make up the hardcore should contain a range of particles so that
it can be firmly compacted such as clean broken bricks, roof tiles, concrete or crushed stone.
• A layer of sand blinding should be provided over the hardcore before laying the DPM to
prevent puncturing from sharp stones.
CONSTRUCATION OF GROUND FLOOR SLAB

1. Anti-termite Spray 2. Damp Proof-Membrane 3. Formwork structure

Anti termite treatment is applied on the prepared, compacted Damp proof membranes are required in the construction of Formwork is installed around the compacted hardcore.
hardcore to prevent terminates from attacking structures by all new buildings to prevent rising damp. Welded wire reinforcement is layered on top of the damp
building shelter tubes from the soil to the wood in structures proof membrane.

5. Laying of Concrete 6. Concrete slab casted

4. Setting up of reinforcement Concrete class is casted on top of the wire reinforcement Strike and remove formwork after 10-14days
Ground beam’s steel bars are tied to the column stump with the formwork acting as a mould. The concrete is then
starter bar with link wires. spread by until the form is full and even. The ground taxes 1-
2days to cure and after curing of 14 days, the formwork are
then removed.
4.3 COLUMNS RCC Columns (Reinforced Concrete Columns)

Column is a vertical member which takes complete load of the beam, slabs and the entire
structure and the floor and other area of the building is Column transfers the load of the
structure of slabs beams above to below, and finally load is transferred to the soil. Position of
the columns should be so that there are no tensile stresses developed at the cross section of
the columns. Columns location should be such that it hides in the walls partially or fully.
A reinforced concrete column can be defined as a structural member with a steel frame (reinforcement bars)
composed of concrete that is been designed to carry compressive loads. This type of column which composes
of concrete and reinforced steel bars (rebar) is seen at our site. Steel is embedded inside the columns in such
that two materials internal forces oppose each other, resulting in stronger strength when compared with
normal concrete.

TIED COLUMN Material used in columns

A concrete column reinforced with longitudinal bars and horizontal ties • Cement Column rebars
• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate
• Steel bar Column Stirrups
• Water
• Shuttering

Rectangular Column

Disadvantages Advantages

• Tensile strength of reinforced concrete is 1/10 of its • High compressive strength

compressive strength.
• Final strength of reinforced concrete is determined
by production process, mixing-casting-curing.
• Shrinkage causes section are larger than steel
sections in multi-storied building
• Fire resistant
• Long lifespan with low maintenance
• Can be casted into different shapes, and
still yields rigid members with minimum
apparent deflection.

1-STOREY TERRACED HOUSE INDAH FACTORY

CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMN

Starter bar

2. Installation of column stumps

1. Column layout work 3. Column reinforcement work
A column stump is built on top of a pad foundation
Location of columns are determined practically in After making to column locations, we then start to place reinforcement as instructed
which extended from the piling below foundation. It is
field. It is done by laying rope according to grids in the structural drawing. At least 4 reinforcements at 4 corners. Columns have
useful in transferring the loads of a building into the
shown in the drawing and mark the location of closed lateral ties spaced approximately uniformly across the column to resist shear
foundation and it acts as a supporter for ground
columns related to rope. force and bursting out effect. Hooks are used to resist expansion
beams and ground floor column construction.

sheeting
Steel
cleat
York bar
collar concrete
bolt
Plan and elevation of
column formwork

4. Column formwork 5. Pouring concrete into column
It is a term used for structures that are used to support forms and molds for poured concrete For small quantity of concrete volume we
columns. Must be leak proof, smooth inside and properly aligned. The floor height is normally kept at normally depend on machine-mix concrete
10 feet. If the slab contains beam, then concrete has to be poured up to the beam bottom level. and for large concrete quantity we order
ready-mix concrete
6. Removal of formwork & Curing
Compaction is done by vibrator. Formwork is removed after 3
days. Concrete is moist cured for 7 days to increases the
strength up to 2.5times and durabili. Done for 21 days. Gunny
bags are used for curing
CONNNECTION BETWEEN BEAM & COLUMN

The steel bar intersect each other for better grip

Column Steel Bar

Beam Steel bar

Starter bar Ground Slab Steel Bar & BRC

4.4 FIRST FLOOR BEAM
The types of beam that mostly used at the site are Reinforced Concrete Beam (R.C.Beams). It is designed to act together with longitudinal and rebar in resisting applied forces. Steel bars are embedded into
concrete which, generating resisting forces which provides extra tensile strength.

External forces
Internal forces

TYPES OF BEAM

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Simply Supported Beam
mainly two supports at beam. The beam
undergoes Shearing and Bending depending on
the load applied.

CONTINUOUS BEAM

Continuous Beam
a statically indeterminate structure. They
rest over three or more supports, thereby
The ADVANTAGES OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM as compared to a simply having one or more redundant support
supported beam are as follows. reactions.

• For the same span and section, vertical load capacity is more.
• Mid span deflection is less.
CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST FLOOR BEAM

Steel bar

formwork

1. Formwork structure 2. Setting up of Beam Reinforcement

Formwork were set up to support the steel bar. The formwork is kept in position till the concrete sets. The steel bar of the beam were tied to the starter bar. Reinforcement steel
bars used to provide the tensile strength .

concrete

formwork

3. Laying of Cement Concrete 4. Floor Beam Casted, Curing & Removal of formwork
After tying all the bars, concrete were poured Casting and curing are done simultaneously for beam and slab. The curing period will take around 2-3 weeks. Side of formwork is removed
into to the column when the concrete are dried up, normally after 3 days. Bottom part is removed after 21-28days. The formworks are usable for up to 3 times at
least.
4.5 FIRST FLOOR SLAB
CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST FLOOR SLAB

1. Scaffolding 2. Formwork structure 3. Setting up of Beam Reinforcement

The Ledger were set up. Scaffolding were placed under the
ledger to act as secondary support.
Formwork for slab were installed by using plywood. Cover blocks are
provided for slabs and beams.
Fix in reinforced rebars which are tied and put in grids. Beams
reinforcements are fixed and anchored into the column. Steel
Rebar for beam is also placed into beams formwork. The rebars
of slab will be joint with rebars of existing columns to enhance
the strength

4. Laying of Cement Concrete

5. First Floor Slab casted, Curing & Removal of formwork
Concrete casted into the formwork that hold the welded wire
After curing process of 28days, the formwork will be removed.
reinforcement in place. Finally, Concrete is casted on top of the
reinforcement and an intermediate slab is formed.
5.0 WALL
WALLS ARE PART OF THE 3 PLANES IN ARCHITECTURE [ALONG WITH THE OTHER 2 PLANES‐THE OVER PLANE & THE BASE (FLOOR) PLANE] THAT DEFINES THE 3-DIMENSIONAL VOLUME OF MASS AND SPACE.

5.1 TYPES OF WALLS

Load bearing wall Party Wall

•Carries and distributes the load from roof and floor
from above to structure or foundation below.
Non-load bearing Wall •A wall that stands on the lands of 2 or more owners or
•Non-load bearing walls that separate spaces in a wall that is on one owner's land but is used by 2 or
buildings. more owners to separate their buildings.
•Frame constructions may include insulation to prevent •one half of the wall’s thickness lies on each property.
the passage of sound or fire between adjacent spaces.
•Framed systems, as wall positions can be changed
relatively easily and inexpensively without impacting on
the overall structure of a building.
5.2 BRICK ARRANGEMENT

COMPARISON BETWEEN BRICKS

Flemish Bond Stretcher Bond Clay Bricks Cement Sand Bricks

Arrangement Cost $230.00 - $300.00 per $190.00 - $250.00 per

thousand thousand

Absorption Absorbs approximately Absorbs between 40g –

15.35g of moisture per 80g of moisture per minute
minute per square inch per 30 square inch

Characteristics 1. Each course consists of 1. Also known as running

alternate headers and bond Compressive 8000 to 10000 psi 3000 to 4000 psi
stretchers. 2. Consists of stretchers in Strength
2. High strength and great every course of bricks
aesthetics
3. The cut needed for this Movement Joint Can be built without Joint reinforcing steel is
brick arrangement is movement joints required to minimise
called a queen closer cracking

Advantages Decorative 1. Good workability Advantages 1. Cheap 1. Good workability

2. Economical, widely 2. Durable 2. Unaffected by termites
used. 3. Low Maintenance

Disadvantages 1. More labor intensive Weaker bond compared to Disadvantages The high weight increases Less resistant to cracking
2. Requires more bricks flemish bond structural requirements
5.3 COMPONENTS OF WALL SYSTEM
Pre-cast In-situ
LINTELS
A structural horizontal block that spans the space or Reinforced cement
opening between two vertical supports. It can be a concrete (RCC)
decorative architectural element, or a combined lintels
ornamented structural item.

MORTAR
Transfer tensile, compressive and shear stresses uniformly between adjacent bricks, thus
spreading loads.
Good workability, durable and economical.
Shrinkage can be caused if mortar is weaker than bricks, weakening fabric of structure. Characteristics Indicates that a concrete lintel has been Indicate that a lintel is cast in position
cast inside a mould, and has been inside a timber mould fixed over the
allowed time to set and harden before it opening in walls.
STIFFENERS is built into the wall.

Stiffeners are used to provide lateral support to wall

system, increase stability, reduce cracks on the brick
wall and break down overall size of wall making Advantages 1. Lintel is placed in position over the 1. Can be position over openings.
smaller effective area. opening, brickwork can be raised on 2. Less maintenance cost.
it.
2. Less labours are required.
Diagram shows vertical and horizontal stiffeners.
Vertical stiffeners are placed at per 3m height while
horizontal stiffeners are placed at per 4m length/ Disadvantages 1. Too heavy or cumbersome to have 1. Requires a timber mould or
width. been easily hoisted and bedded in formwork and must be allowed to
position. harden before brickwork can be
Concrete 2. Higher maintenance cost. raised on it.
Concrete is poured into the gap after the formwork is 2. More labours are required.
casted.
5.4 CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS

1. Reference strings are tied to a straight 2. Bricks are laid accordingly following the 3. Cement mortar is applied on the surfaces 4. Damp-proof course(dpc) or
piece of wood to act as guideline for brick reference strings and bonding used. of header and stretcher by using a trowel. membrane(dpm) is used on the external
wall construction. ground floor wall to provide an impermeable
barrier to the passage of moisture.

5. Exmet is laid flat and set in the brickwork- 6. Pegs and spirit level are used to ensure 7. Bricks are placed at 45 degree to fill up
joints, completely embedded in mortar every vertical and horizontal lines of the wall are the remaining raws on the top.
forth brickwork-joint to enhance the in correct angle.
reinforcement. Dowel bars were installed to
strengthen the ties between column and the
brick wall.
5.5 PROCESS OF PLASTERING

1. Brick wall chasing 2. Insert electrical conduit 3. Water piping 4. Plastering

According to the marked path using a Place the conduit into the chasing area and Consists of all the piping which carries city Cover up the space between the conduit with
chasing machine. Depth should be at placed it in together with the wire box water inside the building. light coat of plaster.
least 10mm. attached.

5. Corner bead 6. Skim coat 7. Painting

Protect the edges, often done before plastering Process of applying a very thin covering of Cover up any marks of plastering/skimming.
to provide a smooth surface. joint compound or mud, to smooth out rough
wall.
 6.0 STAIRCASE (SITE E)

Definition : a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into

smaller vertical distances, called steps.

6.1 SPECIFICATION
RISER -vertical distance between walking surface
TREAD -horizontal walking surface of an individual step
WALL STRINGER -the housing on either side of a flight of stairs, into which the treads and risers are
fixed.
LANDING -The horizontal area connecting one flight of stairs to another flight of stairs which provide for RISER
user to stop or rest. KNEE WALL
TREAD
NOSING-Projecting rounded edge of a step for safety precautions which also provides extra space as you
walk up and down the staircase.
HANDRAIL-The horizontal or incline piece of a balustrade system. It is designed to be grasped by the
hand so as to provide stability or support and prevent injurious falls.
BALUSTER-vertical member that acts as the infill between the handrail.
KNEE WALL -A framed wall slightly above the noses of the stair treads with its top running parallel with
the incline of the stair resulting in a closed stair. LANDING
WALL RAIL -A handrail attached to a full or half wall following the pitch or incline of a closed stair.

GLASS RAILING SYSTEM

EXCEL
ANGLED SQUARE WALL RAIL
STAIR TOP RAIL NOSING
SLEEVE
WALL
SQUARE
BASE
PLATE RISER WALL STRINGER
HANDRAIL
TREAD

BALUSTER
END CAP RISER + TREAD = STEP
6.2 TYPE OF STAIRCASE
DOG-LEG STAIRS (HALF-TURN STAIRS ) INCLINED SLAB STAIR
-Basically 2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that -Constructed when there are load bearing wall around the stair.
requires 180 degree turn in the walk line. -The landing is built into the walls as one way span slab.
-One of the most common arrangement of stairs. -The flight span from floor to landing and landing to floor.

Advantages of Dog-Leg Stairs: Advantages of inclined slab stair:

-Can be constructed within the confines vertical stair well. -Gives more compact plan layout and better circulation than the single straight flight stair.
-Easier to fit into an architectural plan.
- Offer some architectural interest. Disadvantages of inclined slab stair:
-The landings can offer a resting point part way up the stairs. -Wasteful cutting of block to allow the flight built into the walls

Disadvantages of Dog-Leg Stairs:

STRUCTURAL FRAME
-More difficult to build.

EXAMPLE PANEL WALL LOAD BEARING WALL

ENCLOSING
STAIR WALL

UPER FLIGHT

FIRST FLOOR
LANDING
LANDING

GROUND FLOOR LOWER FLIGHT

6.2 TYPE OF STAIRCASE (cont.)
ARCHED OR CURVED STAIRS
CLOSED RISER STAIRS They tend to be on a much larger radius and typically do not make a full circle.
-A stair framed so that you cannot see the treads and risers from the side of the stair.
-Most often a knee wall is used in this situation. Advantages of Curved Stairs:
-This type is nearly exclusively used for interior purposes. -Often very elegant and traditional
-More structurally and rigidity sound than open riser stairs. -Can equally be adapted to contemporary designs.
-Relatively easy to walk up if the radius is large enough.

WALL Disadvantages of Curved Stairs:

-the most difficult to build of the various types of stairs .
RISER -VERTICAL PART IS -most costly to build.
ENCLOSED. -the handrail presents a challenge due to curvature.
TREAD -OPEN AT 1 SIDE
OPEN AT 1 SIDE
-1 side is enclosed by a wall

PLAN

MISALIGNED
TURNING OF
WAIST SLABS
6.3 MATERIALITY
IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF M25 CONCRETE

PROPORTION
The process to obtain a concrete of desired quality.

CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN N/MM^2

-25 (Group as standard concrete)
-It is defined as the strength of the concrete which not more than 5% of the test results are expected
to fall.
-In simpler terms, if you cast 100 cubes and test their compressive strength using compression testing
machines after 28 days, then not more than 5 cubes should fail at a value lesser than 25KN/mm^2.

RATIO
1:1:2 (cement : fine aggregates : coarse aggregates)

CEMENT SAND GRAVEL COMBINE DRY THEN MIX WITH WATER

Advantages: Disadvantages:
-More durable -Crack happened by shrinkage SLUMP TEST
-measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets.
-High compressive strength -Low tensile strength compared to its
-used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch.
-Weather Resistant compressive strength.
-Water resistant -High form cost
-Fire resistant -More skilled labours are required for in-situ
-Rodent resistant construction
-Corrosion resistant -construction is slow as elements are cast at
the site.
-non-combustible
- GOOD ZONE
-It yields rigid members with minimum
apparent deflection. TRUE SLUMP
-Low maintenance cost -the concrete simply subsides,
-Economical construction material keeping more or less to shape.
TOO WET TRUE SLUMP TOO DRY
6.4 CALCULATION UP

STAIRCASE
NUMBER OF RISER CALCULATION:
A unit riser height is 150mm
Total riser (floor to floor) = 2250mm
Number of riser / steps =2250mm/150mm
= 15 risers / steps

TOTAL RUN CALCULATION:

unit run is 250mm for each. LAYOUT
Total run= (number of riser – 1) x unit run
Total run = (15-1) x 250mm
=3500mm

TREAD CALCULATION:
Mark the outside radius = 4267mm
Mark the inside radius = 3048mm since the wide of staircase = 1219mm
Mark walk line=300 mm from inside radius
Unit run at walk line =250mm
Mark 228mm and 457mm on inside radius TOTAL
Pull a line from 228mm to outside radius and move to 457mm RISE=
That gives a tread layout. WALL 2250
4267 (OUTSIDE RADIUS)
3048 (INSIDE RADIUS) 1219

300
250
(AT
228 WALK
LINE) KNEE WALL
457

TOTAL RUN= 3500

TREAD LAYOUT
ANGLE OF STAIRCASE= 40
 6.5 IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

PLYWOOD

TIMBER

1.The area of staircase is calculated and
marked with a box
2.Temporary timber formwork is built within the box and
scaffolding is added to the bottom to support the load
during the construction process.
4.The stringer and riser board are constructed to
create riser and tread of a step.
5.M25 concrete mixture is poured from the to to the
bottom into the framework. Concrete vibrator is
used to ensure the concrete mixed evenly. A float is
used to smooth out the concrete surface .Concrete
tested by test cube to ensure its better condition.

STEEL BARS

STEEL WIRE

3. High tensile reinforcement steel bars are installed along the staircase.The steel bars are tied 6.After the concrete is harden the framework and scaffolding can be removed .The concrete staircase
together using a steel wire. This to provide extra structural strength. is done.
6.5 IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (cont.)

CONCRETE TEST CUBE

-Compression strength test machine.
-Ensure enough and stable concrete strength
-Test carried out for concrete at age 7,14 and 28 days ( first test cube is 7
days, second test cube is 28 days.

CONTINUED VIBRATION DRIVES

ENTRAPPED AIR BUBBLES TO SURFACE
PRESSURE WAVES RADIATES
OUTWARD FROM VIBRATOR

CONCRETE VIBRATOR
-Used on concrete pour site.
INITIAL VIBRATION
-Removed free bubble and ensure concrete mixed evenly
LIQUIFIES CONCRETE,
-Strengthen the concrete
PARTICLES SEPARATE
-Ensure smooth surface RADIUS OF ACTION
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.
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